Moon,+RachelleB2011

B Moon Yoojung Rachelle Ancient History III

=**Reading 4: Korean Christianity under Japanese Occupation**=
 * Christianity**
 * Group:**
 * Questions**

1. Why did the Korean Christian churches continue to grow despite harassment by the Japanese colonial government?

Korean Christian churches continued to grow because Christian leaders motivated many to fight for independence. Although people were afraid of being victimized by the Japanese government, their hope for independence outweighed their fear and grew through the teachings of Christianity, including concepts of democracy and freedom. Furthermore, the Church was a refuge from Japanese rule and had the power to resist and survive through harassment by the government. People were further inspired by their willingness and perseverance, which is why the Church continually grew. 2. How did conditions under the Japanese create tension within the Christian community?

The Christian community motivated Koreans to resist against the legislature. The church provided new ideas of democracy and freedom, and taught them through education. Once the Japanese government felt the church as a threat to their power, they enforced several laws.The government enforced all Koreans to worship at Shinto shrines. Some Christians believed that this law was based on political means because the government wanted the people to worship the emperor at these temples. However, others resisted because they believed that the government was enforcing religious laws of idol worship. A conflict between those who thought of this issue politically and those who regarded it a religious controversy arose, causing tension between the two groups for the latter believed that those who followed the law were not fully pursuing the Christian way.

1. In Han Fei's ideal state what is the supreme governing authority, the will of the ruler or the law? 2. What are the "Two Handles" and how important are they to a legalist state? Why must the sovereign never surrender control over the two handles? 3. What roles do individuality and private initiative play in Han Fei's ideal state? 4. Why do you think Legalism appealed to some people? 5. Imagine a series of conversations among a Daoist, a Confucian, and a Legalist. How would each respond on the following issues: What is the purpose of good government? What role does morality play in formulating law? What are the qualities of a superior ruler? The proposition "Might makes right."
 * Shintoism Chart**
 * Legalism**
 * QUESTIONS FOR ANALYSIS**
 * The supreme governing authority is the will of the law. Although Han Fei discusses about the importance of a ruler, he adds that a ruler is a “right” ruler only if he enforces the law. Furthermore, “the intelligent sovereign makes the law select men,” meaning that the laws are not made for the government officials; the men who follow the law become part of the political society.
 * The “Two Handles” are chastisement (punishment) and commendation (reward). Those who do not follow the law are //handled// with discipline, while those who do are given a reward. This enforces laws of the legalist state, not only to the citizens, but also the ministers of the government under a ruler. If the ruler has control over the “Two Handles,” it promises the ministers’ pledge to the ruler, enforcing liberality and justice in the appliance of law. Once the sovereign surrenders control over the “Two Handles,” the ruler loses his power, and the ministers, who do not have justice, gain control over the people.
 * Because Han Fei’s ideal state deals with the enforcement of law under any circumstances, individuality tends to disappear. Unlike a Confucianist society, individuality is not highly praised in Legalism, because the society is maintained through the law, not the people themselves.
 * Legalism would have been appealing for some people because it guarantees equality and fairness. No matter who the person is or what background he or she has, punishment is scheduled in the same way according to the crime. Furthermore, commendation does not only go to those in a higher social hierarchy, which allowed those in the lower class to have the opportunity of getting a reward by practicing the law.
 * A Daoist would say that the purpose of a good government is to bring peace (perhaps the Daoist can say that there is no need of a government). Morality is not necessarily an important factor when formulating law, because a Daoist government less likely would actually enforce any, whether or not it is on morality. Daoists believe that non-action brings action, and morality depends on the individual’s instinctive character. Therefore, a superior ruler is someone who “goes with the flow,” meaning that he or she does not take action in order to enforce anything, but rather allows the natural world process in its pure form. Daoism clearly goes against “Might makes right” because Daoists believe that there is no need to use force on anything.
 * A Confucian would say that a good government acts as the role model of the people; they must practice moral things in order to enforce the citizens to be moral as well. Laws must be based on morality, but the enforcement of law depends on the people and their relationships. A superior ruler must be talented, intelligent, and one who people can look upon. Because a Confucian does not believe that social status is more important than talent and intelligence, “Might makes right” would not be quite adequate to describe that society. However, it is true that the government officials, the one with power, make the laws.
 * A Legalist would say that the purpose of a good government is to enforce laws and make a profoundly justice society. Legalism depends on morality, and it is what makes up the laws and punishments or rewards. Each law depends whether it is right or wrong. A superior ruler is one who has control of the “Two Handles” and acknowledges the way to enforce laws with them. He or she must be strong-minded and strict, supporting the phrase “Might makes right.”

__**Essential Quotes of Taoism**__ Go to the Essential Quotes of Taoism above and read through them. Be sure to note down answers to the following questions. (Be prepared to share your answers): 1. In //Lectures on the Tao Teh Ching//, Lao-Tzu says, that, "The mystery of the Mysterious is the gateway to all indescribable marvels". Does this quote have an equivalent to in Christianity? Are there other parts of the Tao Teh Ching that remind you of Christian ideals? 2. See Passage 2, "Not honoring men....Not wanting rare things...Not paying attention..." How does this help one understand how Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism found common ground and were not mutually exclusive belief systems? 3. In Passage 2, what do you think is meant by the lines, "relaxing the mind, reinforcing the abdomen, gentling the will, strengthening the bones"? 4. Consider the last three entries from D.C. Lau's //Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching//, Lao Tzu describes government. How is this ideal different from Confucius' ideal? What present day system of government are you reminded of when you read this section? Do you think this is a good system? Explain. 5. Regarding the third treasure that Lao Tzu describes, what do you think is his message? Do you agree? What does this say about people who are ambitious?
 * Assignment 2**
 * The mystery of the “Mysterious” in which Lao-Tzu explains is similar to the concept of Heaven and Hell in Christianity. Christians would quote that getting rid of desire allows one to enter the gateway to Heaven--or “all indescribable marvels.” Furthermore, “that which has no name is the origin of heaven and earth” is similar to the characteristics of God, and how He can never be described with words nor possess a name. If one was able to call God with another name, it would prove that that God would not be the true Christian deity. This is similar to the aspect of “the tao that can be said is not the everlasting Tao” in that this discusses that the Way is not something that can be described nor explained. Finally, stating that the marvels are “indescribable” conveys the same extreme and mysterious characteristics of Heaven in Christianity.
 * Though the //Tao Teh Ching// is a philosophical document of Taoism, it explains the coexistence of Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. The first line, “Not honoring men of worth,” is similar to the Confucianist idea that one should value those who are educated than mind about their background or social status. “Not wanting rare things” relates to the Buddhist idea of eliminating one’s desire to reach Nirvana. “Not paying attention to the desirable” conveys the Taoist belief that it is unnecessary to think about unnecessary things. Although each and every idea of all three philosophies and religions are not included in this document, including small parts of each belief allows a compromise between the belief systems, and permits their mutual existence in one society.
 * The lines, "relaxing the mind, reinforcing the abdomen, gentling the will, strengthening the bones,” is yet another example that Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism are not mutually exclusive belief systems. While “relaxing the mind” mainly refers to Taoism as Taoists believe in Inner Peace, “reinforcing the abdomen” indicates a Confucianist idea of enhancing the Inner Mind with knowledge of whether or not something is moral. “Gentling the will” seems to be recounting the Buddhist’s //elimination of desire//. However, by using “gentling” instead of “removing,” it conveys a sense of compromise: one can desire for something only if that desire can be controlled. “Strengthening the bones” supposes the fact that all three belief systems focus on the Inner part of the body, not the outside. They all speak of the path to Inner Peace; it is just that all three paths are different.
 * Confucius believed that a government must be the model of morality; therefore, the people of the government must be models for the people with intelligence and talent. Furthermore, his ideal was that the government--the leader of a nation--should lead and teach the masses in order for them to develop. However, Lao Tzu states that the government should be loose and lenient--not conspicuous nor with many restrictions (the government should let “Things the Way They Are.”) The government that Lao Tzu dreams of is similar to the modern-day anarchy. Lao Tzu insists a society with no rules or restrictions, which may bring peace based on his theory. However, the reality of this ideal government links to a chaotic, uncontrollable society. Considering Lao Tzu’s ideas, anarchy may lead to prosperity; however, it is obvious, encompassing the present day status of this system, that a society must have an organized government. If there is no order in a society, it is almost impossible for that nation or group to prosper politically (no government), socially (no organization), and economically (no unity).
 * Lao Tzu, regarding his third treasure, is trying to convey that someone who is more modest about a high-rank position will be able to reach that high-rank without much effort needed. I would agree that someone who is selfish about their goal to a higher position will not be able to succeed. Others will not appreciate someone who is pushy and too urgent about his or her need to be superior over other people. However, it is an inevitable fact that in order to become supreme, one needs to work hard. Although Lao Tzu would personally dislike it, competition does exist in this world, and those with effort and commitment are the ones who can achieve their goals.
 * Lao Tzu would believe that people who are ambitious fail to succeed, while those who are easy and patient prosper. I believe that ambition is necessary, but one should not use this ambition to step over others; he or she should focus on their own effort and determination and appreciate those who are pursuing the same path.


 * Tao of Pooh: Cottleston Pie**

__Summary__ In this chapter, Hoff introduces the Cottleston Pie Principle, the explanation of Inner Nature and its significance as why //Things Are As They Are.// When Kanga and Roo came to the Forest, Rabbit tried to get rid of them with his clever tactics because he thought they were different (unique). However, his failed plan only showed that cleverness has its limitations, and that uniqueness, or Inner Nature, cannot be destroyed or removed with cleverness. Hoff explains that Inner Nature cannot be defined, and instead, he presents the Cottleston Pie Principle in a poem (shown below).

//Cottleston, Cottleston, Cottleston Pie,// //A fly can’t bird, but a bird can fly.// //Ask me a riddle and I reply:// //“Cottleston, Cottleston, Cottleston Pie.”//

//Cottleston, Cottleston, Cottleston Pie,// //A fish can’t whistle and neither can I.// //Ask me a riddle and I reply:// //“Cottleston, Cottleston, Cottleston Pie.”//

//Cottleston, Cottleston, Cottleston Pie,// //Why does a chicken, I don’t know why.// //Ask me a riddle and I reply:// //“Cottleston, Cottleston, Cottleston Pie.”// //(page 39)//

There are three main parts of this poem that Hoff emphasizes. The first part, “Fly can’t bird, but a bird can fly” signifies that each individual or thing has specific, unique qualities and abilities. Therefore, one should know their distinctive place in society, meaning they should acknowledge where they do and don’t belong. Secondly, “A fish can’t whistle and neither can I” indicates that one should know, face, and understand their limitations, and moreover, use them beneficially. Finally, “Why does a chicken, I don’t know why” displays that there is no need to know why things occur or are the way they are. Hoff adds that many people unnecessarily try to discover a “scientific” or “actual” reason to everything, when it is all just part of the natural world, or Inner Nature.

This chapter focuses on Inner Nature with the exposition of Cottleston Pie, a poem revealed many times in the famous cartoon, “Winnie the Pooh.” As Hoff explains the three main principles of Inner Nature, he also indicates that Inner Nature is the justification of an individual’s uniqueness. He adds that it is important to trust and conserve Inner Nature because this is the way to keep a “special” world made up of unique individuals.

__Thematic Analysis__ In this chapter, Hoff focuses on Inner Nature, the uniqueness of each individual. Hoff translates Cottleston Pie, a poem from “Winnie the Pooh” that represents Inner Nature, to explain the principle of this Taoist theme:

//Cottleston, Cottleston, Cottleston Pie,// //A fly can’t bird, but a bird can fly.// //Ask me a riddle and I reply:// //“Cottleston, Cottleston, Cottleston Pie.”//

//Cottleston, Cottleston, Cottleston Pie,// //A fish can’t whistle and neither can I.// //Ask me a riddle and I reply:// //“Cottleston, Cottleston, Cottleston Pie.”//

//Cottleston, Cottleston, Cottleston Pie,// //Why does a chicken, I don’t know why.// //Ask me a riddle and I reply:// //“Cottleston, Cottleston, Cottleston Pie.”// //(page 39)//

Inner Nature is a principle that cannot be explained because cleverness or knowledge is not enough to understand this concept. Inner Nature is something found on the inside of each individual--something that another person cannot define for someone else. This is why the “Wise are Who They Are” because they’ve discovered and accepted their Inner Nature regardless of their knowledge. In order to fully understand one’s Inner Nature, one must acknowledge their abilities and limitations and work with what they’ve got. Each individual is different and unique in this world, as the phrase “Fly can’t bird, but a bird can fly” explains. However, it only matters if a person can accept that this “difference” is what makes one self special. The owner of a tree, Hui-tse, was unhappy because he could not cut it down to use as lumber. Chuang-tse offers Hui-tse to appreciate the tree for the shade it provides--the way it is in its natural form (page 40). Furthermore, another portion of Inner Nature is that each individual has limitations (“A fish can’t whistle and neither can I”). One must accept these limitations and moreover use them as an advantage. Piglet was the only one able to escape when Owl’s house fell down because he was very small. Piglet may have felt resentful of his height, and may have faced his limitations due to his shortness. However, this quality allowed Piglet to escape from Owl’s house and save the others who were stuck (page 49). On the other hand, Tigger who did not accept his limitations, got stuck in a tree after falsely claiming that he could fly, swim, and climb trees very well (page 44). The phrase, “Why does a chicken, I don’t know why” indicates that there is no need to know why things are the way they are. Scientists, researchers, and all sorts of “professionals” try to find the answer to everything. However, there is actually no need for an answer to be discovered because “it is just the way things are.” People tend to change things and themselves in order to be “better.” They avoid their limitations and believe that they can do things that they cannot actually do. However, it is what Inner Nature that actually makes an individual “better” because it allows that person to fully understand their weaknesses and strengths, as shown in Pooh’s song.

//How can you get very far,// //If you don't know Who You Are?// //How can you do what you ought,// //If you don't know What You've Got?// //And if you don't know Which To Do// //Of all the things in front of you,// //Then what you'll have when you are through// //Is just a mess without a clue// //Of all the best that can come true// //If you know What and Which and Who.// //(page 58)//

The poem clearly points out that in order to do something “right,” one should know what is “right” for oneself. A person can discover what is “right” for oneself through Inner Nature. People flee from the things that they do not like by getting rid of them, changing them, or possibly using them in beneficial ways. Instead of sticking to Inner Nature, individuals change their unique form because they are not confident with whom they are. Taoism suggests the third method: using the things that we dislike in beneficial ways. In this way, one still preserves Inner Nature while altering the negative to a positive. For example, a housebreaker uses his skills to defeat the enemy by irritating the soldiers by constantly stealing the opponent’s supplies in secret and bringing them back the next day (page 60). However, not all things must be changed; some naturally change by themselves or others can be worked on as we go. There is a lot of time, and there is no need to rush on anything. Inner Nature as it is identified, is the “natural” way things are and occur for an individual, including spontaneous changes and happenings. In addition, Inner Nature can also be interpreted as the “secret layer.” Hoff explains that “within the Ugly Duckling is the Swan, inside the Bouncy Tigger is the Rescuer who knows the Way, and in each of us is something Special, and that we need to keep” (page 65). The Inner Nature of a being is “the something Special” which is why it is important to preserve the “secret layer” as it is what makes each individual unique and as a whole, the society diverse and developing.

__Discussion Questions__ Discussions > 2. How does the quote “One disease, long life; short disease, short life” relate to the beliefs of Taoism? > 3. How does Taoism contradict with the actions researchers and scientists take part in? > 4. How does the phrase “Work things as they are” contradict with the ideas of Confucianism? > 5. In what ways would you recognize and trust your Inner Nature? > 6. How does the ideas set by Taoism look upon the things we dislike? > 7. What would Hoff think of plastic surgery under his beliefs? > 8. In Hoff’s point of view, what do you think the phrase “The Wise are Who They Are” are?
 * 1) 1. How does Inner Nature relate to Cleverness?

Taoism is sometimes described as that which cannot be described, but can be known. This gets pretty difficult. The Tao, or Way, is what is commonly used. One thing that is often stressed in Taoism is the notion that everything is in a state of flux and that we can never be truly certain of anything because of this lack of permanence.
 * Assignment 1**

Read the poem below. __[|**Chuang Tzu**]__ **And The Butterfly Analysis** Chuang Tzu in dream became a butterfly, And the butterfly became Chuang Tzu at waking. Which was the real—the butterfly or the man ? Who can tell the end of the endless changes of things? The water that flows into the depth of the distant sea Returns anon to the shallows of a transparent stream. The man, raising melons outside the green gate of the city, Was once the Prince of the East Hill. So must rank and riches vanish. You know it, still you toil and toil,—what for?

Prepare an answer for the following questions" A butterfly is known for its metamorphic quality, or its ability to change from a caterpillar to a beautiful butterfly. The poem itself relates to the cycle and connection of things, such as the water that flows into the sea and back into a stream. Therefore, the metamorphosis of a butterfly refers to the cycle of its life form and how an unattractive caterpillar can become a butterfly (similar to the man raising melons who was once the prince, except it is reversed). This change from one thing to another totally different thing is important because it symbolizes the cycle (metamorphosis). The water cycle represents how everything is connected with water, whether it is the deep sea or the shallow stream. The size or greatness does not matter because they are still the same and possess the same qualities. This mechanism is related to the Taoist idea of nature and may suggest that humans are in the cycle of nature as well. The man raising melons was once the Prince of the hill. This shows how someone so high in rank is now so low, and through this, we can see that rank or status is only a temporary source of joy, even if it is. What people should care about is the final goal of happiness. Also, the roundness of the melon conveys to the circular movement. This “circle” of the melon represents the “circle” of nature and humans (how a man in a high rank moved to a low hierarchy in society). The author is trying to convey that everything is connected and similar to each other no matter the status or quality of that object or person. Working hard to be “good” at something has no value unless you can reach happiness. However, even though people realize that the most valuable thing is their own happiness, they still strive to reach a high rank and be more superb than others. Furthermore, the poem presents the cycle of change, and that this phenomenon occurs repetitively, such in nature and in people.
 * 1) Why does the author choose a butterfly?
 * 1) What is the importance of the water cycle?
 * 1) What is the point about the 'man raising melons'?
 * 1) What is the author attempting to convey to the reader?


 * The Tao of Pooh Discussion Questions and Quotes**

“The Vinegar of Tasters” is a representation of the “Three Teachings” of China where the vinegar that the three masters are tasting symbolizes the Essence of Life. The three masters are Confucius, Buddga, and Lao-tse, the author of the book of Taoism (founder of Taoism). While Confucius has a sour look on his face and Buddha a bitter one, Lao-tse is smiling. This conveys that Lao-tse was “better” because he saw the harmony between heaven and earth (peaceful) while the other two teachers focused more on what the earth lacked. The theme of life according to Hoff’s interpretation of Taoism is happiness. Happiness is the natural result of living in harmony, and by accepting the circumstances in everyday life is part of this harmony. P’u, or the “Uncarved Block,” represents the original simplicity and that this simplicity has its own natural power. The “uncarved block” is explained through Pooh’s character. He is never in a confusing, coiled trail of thought; rather, he always thinks very simply and in a straightforward manner, which leads him to solve a problem. While the Rabbit, who //seems// to be smart and clever, finds difficulty in trying to find his way home in his trail of thoughts, Pooh simply heads for a direction that feels or “smells” like his home. The secret message of the “uncarved block” is its simplicity and how it can accomplish things for its simplemindedness. The “uncarved block” represents “things in their natural state” or form. Taoists saw Confucianists as people spoiling their life in studies. Furthermore, Taoists didn’t regard Confucianists to be wise, though they were educated. However, most of the scholars in China were Confucianists. All in all, Taoists and Confucianists did not understand each others’ “language” because they had different ideas and did not regard the alternative very highly. Rabbit, Owl and Eeyore represent Confucianists, because they study “Knowledge for the Sake of Knowledge,” meaning that there are no deeper meanings to learning something except for what is shown on the outside by looking intellectual. They tend to think in a “tangled” way and do not accept the presented circumstances. Pooh represents a Taoist because he is simpleminded, wise because of this simplicity, and lives with the Things As they Are. Hoff believes that Confucianist scholars are people who study the Knowledge for the sake of Knowledge, and don’t share their learnings to the crowd. Confucianists use difficult, long words that seem intellectual, but actually prevent their ideas from being distributed. Furthermore, they are people who are locked up into the boundaries of “knowledge” which prevent them from thinking outside of the box for the true enlightenment of others. Hoff claims that knowledge and experience are not the same. Having the knowledge of something is not necessarily more valuable than experiencing something, although the knowledge from experience can be. One of the most important things about experience and the knowledge from experience, however, is that we must //listen// as much as we talk, meaning that experience (and the knowledge from that experience) does not only come from our actions. Most scholars blame the “uncarved block” for all the problems in the world. However, this isn’t justified because these scholars don’t admit that it was their fault, not the “uncarved block.” Although people correct their misconception with a reasonable justification, they still do not fully let in that fact. “Cleverness” has limitations, and people can comprehend it (meaning they can “have” and “create” it), while “Inner Nature” cannot be measured or clearly understood. By acknowledging your Inner Nature, you know where you belong and don’t belong. By knowing this, you can tell what is “right” for you and what isn’t. “One disease, long life; no disease, short life” refers to the idea that people who know and //admit// the problems they have and try to fix it will live longer. However, those who neglect their problems and reject the existence of them, will die sooner because they failed to look after themselves. This relates to the fact that those who know their limitations will be healthy, while those who don’t acknowledge and cross the border lines will not. Hoff is stating that people should recognize the qualities of things in their natural form rather than trying to adjust those things. In other words, he is saying that we should adjust to benefit from the Things As They Are instead of working to change the Things to fit us. Therefore, instead of consistently looking for answers to unnecessary questions, people should recognize what is clearly and directly present. People who do not listen to their Inner Nature cannot understand themselves, therefore, are easily influenced by others. Instead of recognizing //their// identity, they are manipulated by others. The Way of Self-Reliance is discovering who we are, what is right for us, and what we need to do. It matters on ourselves and the things that match us, because every single individual is different. We can change ourselves effectively by transforming the things that we do not like into beneficial things or use them in beneficial ways. By changing the bad to good, it creates positive items that help us while minimizing the struggle needed to get rid of the negative things. Wu Wei means not going against the nature of things by not “doing, causing, or making.” This simply means to stick with the nature of things rather than trying to adjust it for more benefit or convenience. When the quote refers to “Tao does not do,” it means that he doesn’t adjust or change what’s already there, following the Wu Wei. He simple accepts the natural way of things. Although he does not do anything, “nothing is not done” meaning that things are done. This is because although there are no changes or “doings,” things work in their own way--the natural way, or Wu Wei. In Tai Chi, there is no offensive combat--only a yielding movement to overcome the opposing force. Tai Chi, therefore, is a martial art that does not expend energy, similar to Wu Wei, where force is overcome by neutralizing its power rather than combatting in the same, reflecting way. It is an inevitable fact that I am a Bisy Backson because I tend to do something all the time. However, I don’t try to do things because I want to, rather I would blame the society for my “busi-ness.” I am active all the time--doing homework, studying for tests--even though I want to rest for a while. Bisy Backsons see American history as a timeline full of fights. They have never really been comfortable with their “homeland” and they regard any sort of progress as the strive to achieve the Great Reward. Rather than seeking harmony in American history, they see the conflicts of the past. Hoff states that time cannot be spent; only time can be used wisely. However, Bisy Backsons do not use the time wisely because they use it to find a way to save that time, which is impossible. The Youthful Immortal is one who discovers the Secrets of Life as a youth and was able to preserve a young appearance and energy. Taoists who practiced such attitude to seek youth, lived longer--exceeding the life expectancy at that time. The process we go through is what really makes us happy in life. This is mainly because there is some kind of motivation or goal that keeps us happily striving. However, once that goal is met, that strive disappears and we search for another one. Furthermore, in the process, we expect something--the goal; however, achieving the goal is enjoyable, but there’s nothing that comes after it unless there is another goal. The Stonecutter is later discovered to be the strongest of all, at the end of the cycle. First the character is a stonecutter, then a merchant, an official, the sun, the cloud, the wind, and then a rock. He notices that someone is changing his rock form, and realizes that it is a stonecutter. This story represents that everyone is useful and has value; it just takes a while to realize it. The significance of “From caring comes courage” is that people who were once timid could courageously help others who have cared for them because they have care for them back. Caring or compassion is based on “heart” which stands for //cor//, the Latin root word in //courage.// Wisdom, Happiness, and Courage are not found at a specific location, but in a continuous cycle whether in the beginning or in the end. The “Great Nothing” is the indication that nothing is something because doing “nothing” is the first step to Taoism. Doing “nothing” brings results because it brings peace. An “Empty sort of mind” is so valuable because it allows people to //see// and //hear// things. A “stuffed mind” thinks about unnecessary things, while an “empty sort of mind” realizes what is present in front of it. Furthermore, this “emptiness” cleans and purifies the mind. Knowledge and wisdom are very different concepts. While knowledge has boundaries for how much (although not visible) one can learn, wisdom refers to the entirety, where there are no limitations. Therefore, knowledge increases when the //amount// of how much one learns, or adds, increases. On the other hand, wisdom, because there are no limitations to it, and because limitations disturb the pure, “wise” thought, removing things every day allows it to proliferate. Furthermore, removing things leads to an “emptiness” which comforts people, allowing them to think in a more clear or //wise// view. The child is the highest stage of development because they have the purest and “cleanest” mind--what Taoists call wisdom. Because their minds of empty, with the least knowledge, they are able to think in the wisest way--the “Great Nothing”--by seeing what is present in front of them and by focusing on necessary notions. As one gets older, they gain knowledge, which set boundaries and disrupt the power of wisdom. Knowledge and cleverness are the “rules” that we learn in our life. We tend to rely on these two qualities, because they seem correct. However, knowledge and cleverness are in every single individual, making us no different from others if we exclude our quality of wisdom and individual thought. Knowledge and cleverness are guidelines, but if we follow and depend on it to express our //own// thoughts, they will destroy life as we know it because everyone will be the same. There will be no individual “uniqueness” in the world.
 * 1) What is the significance of the painting Hoff describes named The Vinegar Tasters? (2)
 * 1) What is the theme of life according to Hoff’s interpretation of Taoism? (5-6)
 * 1) How does Hoff explain the “uncarved block” metaphor? (10)
 * 1) What is the secret message of the “uncarved block?” (2
 * 1) What was the main conflict between the Confucianists and Taoists according to Hoff? (24)
 * 1) Which of Milne’s characters represent Confucianists and Taoists according to Hoff?
 * 1) What is Hoff’s opinion of Confucianist scholars? (26)
 * 1) What does Hoff say about knowledge vs. experience? (29)
 * 1) What do most scholars blame for problems in the world? Why isn’t it justified? (32)
 * 1) What is the difference between “cleverness” and “Inner Nature?” (38)
 * 1) Why is it important to discern your own Inner Nature? (41)
 * 1) Explain Hoff’s interpretation of the Chinese quote: “One disease, long life; No disease, short life.” (48)
 * 1) What does Hoff mean when he states that we must learn to “work with Things As They Are?” (50)
 * 1) What happens to people who do not listen to their Inner Nature? (57)
 * 1) What is the Way of Self-Reliance? (57-8)
 * 1) How can we change ourselves effectively through the principles of Taoism? (58)
 * 1) What is the Wu Wei or “The Pooh Way” according to Hoff? (67-8)
 * 1) How does the quote, “Tao does not do, but nothing is not done,” explain Wu Wei or “The Pooh Way?” (70)
 * 1) How does Tai Chi reflect Wu Wei or Taoism as a martial art? (87-8)
 * 1) Are you a Bisy Backson? (94)
 * 1) What is the Bisy Backson view of American history according to Hoff? (103-104)
 * 1) How does the Bisy Backson waste time by trying to save it? (108-109)
 * 1) What is the Youthful Immortal? (108-9)
 * 1) What makes us happy in life the goals or the process we go through to reach the goals? Why? (111)
 * 1) What is the significance of The Stonecutter? (118-9)
 * 1) Explain the significance of the following line from the Tao Te Ching: “From caring comes courage.” (128)
 * 1) Where does one find Wisdom, Happiness and Courage? (137)
 * 1) What is the “Great Nothing?” (143)
 * 1) Why is an “Empty sort of mind” so valuable according to Taoism? (146-7)
 * 1) Interpret the following quote: “To attain knowledge, add things every day. To attain wisdom, remove things every day.” (148-9)
 * 1) Why is the child the highest stage of development? (151)
 * 1) Why may knowledge and cleverness destroy life as we know it? (154)

To the Duke of She, “upright” means to be honest at all times, regardless of the circumstances which may include the suspect being the father and the son being the witness to confirm his father’s crime. Although “upright” probably does not only relate to honesty, the Duke of She believes that being moral is telling the truth and being disciplinary more than keeping the relationship between people, stressed in Confucianism. On the other hand, Confucius believes that retaining the relationship, in this case between father and son, is more valuable and important regardless of other situations. In this specific example, the father has committed a crime, and Confucius prefers the son to hide his father’s guilt. This shows how Confucius believes that being “upright” is preserving the relationship, which follows Confucianism. The advantages of being honest, as the Duke of She emphasizes, include that people may be treated more equally and signs of bias decrease. For example, everyone would be disciplined in the same way regardless of relationship; simply put, people would not hide others’ crimes for whom they are. However, being honest without the consideration of relationships would break friendships, family, and connections to people around an individual, therefore, the society. On the other hand, Confucius’s view on “uprightness” has several advantages and disadvantages. First of all, stressing relationship over honesty is equivalent to emphasizing loyalty. This characteristic would strengthen the bonds between the people and unite the society. A strong community is beneficial for the development of a people. However, being too respecting to the idea of relationship may force one to become too lenient on other important qualities, especially in fair prosecution. For example, if a man is a judge at a trial, the man may show bias when declaring the judicial results if the suspect is his father. This will exacerbate questions on how fair that judge can be, and to the extent, may lead to inquisitions on the legitimacy of the entire judicial system. The suggestion referring to the connection between respecting relatives and stabilizing society is reasonable. In theory, people who are deeply respectful of parents and family members are noted to be “stable in the mind.” This is because they have a strict way of behaving towards their relatives, which enforces them to calm themselves in order to accept the things that the elders say no matter what. Therefore, if they have a stable mind, they would probably be a stabilizing influence in society, which is regarded as an extended form of family. Furthermore, people who can respect their family members and parents with deep concern will have a more respecting attitude toward society, mainly because they have been habitual about their reverence. It is hard, however, to avoid the fact that this suggestion is slightly theoretical, meaning that respecting relatives will not always make that person a stabilizing influence in society.
 * Filial Piety**
 * Discussion Questions**
 * 1) **In the exchange between Confucius and the Duke of She recorded in selection 5 above, we find two very different views of what "uprightness" means. What do you think being "upright" means to the Duke of She, and what does it mean to Confucius? What advantages and disadvantages do you find in each view?**
 * 2. What do you think of the suggestion that people who are deeply respectful of parents and family members are likely to act as a stabilizing influence in society?**


 * What would Confucius say?**
 * Notes on Confucianism**

1. How is the experience of karma/samsara different from that of Christianity (in your opinion)? The same? Karma or samsara is similar to Christianity and the afterlife of the religion in that there is a connection between one’s actions before death and the outcome after death. Karma includes the idea that a person who does good things will rebirth with a good life; Christians believe that a person who does good things will go to Heaven, and one who does not will go to Hell. However, the main difference between the two beliefs of afterlife is that karma and samsara refer the direct reincarnation of another life as a being or animal while Christianity reflects that a good person will go to Heaven where they will live in perfect peace. Christianity does not necessarily explain that a good person will reborn with another “life”; it mainly describes how that person will be rewarded with peace and protection from God in Heaven, where that person is not a human being but more of a God’s child.
 * Haven't I Seen You Somewhere Before?**

2. Speculate on what sort of being the prince might become in his subsequent life? The prince may reborn as an ant or cow, organisms that live with hard work but die with no dignity. Because the prince only experienced the high part of hierarchy, he may reincarnate as these living beings so that he can experience what it is like to work hard but not be acknowledged as much as one wants. Furthermore, labor may be a type of punishment and discipline for the prince to realize modesty and gratitude.

3. Which of the three animals in the story is closest to Enlightenment in your opinion? Why? The parrot seems to be the most Enlightened animal because he was not as attached to desire as the other animals from the beginning. Furthermore, his offer of rice comes from labor and hard work while the Water Rat and Snake present their wealth which was already collected in their previous life, meaning that there is not much effort in their gift, only the elimination of desire. Also, the parrot separates itself from the desire of eating by offering rice, its main diet. Although the attraction to money is tense, it is harder to segregate oneself from their food due to the fact that it is an essential part of life.

4. It is said that Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) had 550 lives - some in animal form, some in human form - which of the characters in the story do you think is from one of his previous lives? Why? The Nice, Humble Man is probably an example of one of Buddha’s lives. Because Buddha is the enlightened figure of Buddhism, it is most relevant if he was magnanimous and charitable--two characteristics depicted through the Nice Man’s personality and actions. While the other characters were not “always” well-behaved, the man knew how to eliminate his desire of wealth, high status, and connection to family from the beginning.

on Soyoon's page Kim, SoyoonB2011
 * Tibetan Buddhism**


 * Differences between Tibetan Buddhism and Two other schools of Buddhism**



Religion and philosophy are both based on a type of belief whether it is on an idol or an idea. The concepts of religion and philosophy are similar in that they are accepted by a group. Both subjects are persuasive, though religion and philosophy do not necessarily have goals to persuade others. In addition, religion and philosophy both "direct" people to the "right" path. Furthermore, religion and philosophy both consider ideas that are usually not proven scientifically nor have proved facts. In other words, there is no exact "answer" to religion or philosophy. One of main reasons why religion and philosophy are important to study is related to the fact that there are no facts that prove the ideas of religion or philosophy are correct. While science and math usually have evidence that support the theories these subjects present, philosophy and religion are based on beliefs that mainly depend on how strong the people's faith is on those principles. However, philosophy and religion cover many parts of a person's life that are necessary to know. For example, the idea of an afterlife in religion is not subjected to any other classes of study; nonetheless, this idea is one of the strongest motivations to people to live. Furthermore, because the main principles of religion and philosophy are included in our daily lives (i.e. the question of "Why do we live?" or the judgment of what is moral), it is important to study these subjects. Finally, the study of different religions and philosophies allows a better understanding of different cultures. For example, by knowing the "fasting" ritual of Islam, people would know that Muslims during that certain period cannot eat; therefore, people would be more considerate about inviting them to a buffet party. Additionally, religion and philosophy are important to know because these principles "open" people's minds, mainly due to the ideas they present.
 * WHAT DO RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY HAVE IN COMMON? And, WHY IS THE STUDY OF RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY IMPORTANT?**

media type="file" key="Christianity.m4v" width="420" height="420"
 * Christianity and its Impact**

From the day I was born, I was already into Christianity without my volition. My mother was a strong believer of Christianity, mainly because of my illness. As a baby, I was sick of a heard disease called Kawasaki, and the doctor doubted that I was going to survive. My mother prayed for me to live at the church in the hospital, and whether it was due to her faith, I lived. I was baptized when I was very young, and my parents named me with a Christian name--Rachelle, which means a baby sheep. When I moved to the States, my family became strong-believers in Christianity, and I followed them to Church without hesitation. Though most of my faith was because of my family’s belief, I felt that I was a strong-believer as well. When I moved back to Korea, I lost my faith, and I was too lazy or busy to go to Church. The only time I actually asked for God’s advice was when I was depressed or when something tragic happened. Though my bond to Christianity has weakened, this religion is one of my strongest motivations. I feel special because of the belief that God made me, and only one unique kind of me; therefore, I am God’s child. I seem more important and distinctive from others around me, which encourages me to work hard and be who I am rather than being concerned with other people’s judgement about me. Furthermore, I feel inspired and lightened because I know that Jesus is always beside me, keeping me away from wrong things and guiding me into the right direction.

My family, especially my mother and grandmother, has a strong belief in Christianity. This religion allows our family to unite both physically and mentally. On Christian holidays, our family gathers, celebrates, and prays together. These days allow us to meet each other again, in addition to connecting mentally through our similar faiths. Furthermore, Christianity allows our family to remember our ancestors, especially close family members who passed away. We believe that God will protect those who left, and this credo relieves us. Finally, Christianity is a motivation to live for our family; almost all of us acknowledge the fact that we are going to die someday. However, this religion allows us to work hard, be thankful of our lives and circumstances, and alleviate our fears with the thought of God and his protection, until the day of our death.

Christianity is the most popular religion in the entire world. Furthermore, Christianity is the most popular religion in Korea. Specifically in Korea, Christianity brings unity and bondage between believers. For example, Christians at Church will meet each other and even eat together. However, due to the Christian idea that men must marry women, therefore “no homosexuality,” some minor groups have experienced ostracism in the society. The idea of equality in Christianity also influences the idea of equality in other aspects including law and politics, and was the basis of the abolishment of slavery and abortion, and the creation of more uniform rights. Furthermore, Christianity has been taken into account for wars and conflicts in history--for example, the Crusades. Although Christians look for moral ways, their strong belief has caused several disputes, including debates about scientific theories that contradict Christian principles.

Christianity, as well as its identity in the religious world, has impacted people and the society, even to the global scale. I realized my unique identity as God’s child, and my family was motivated and united through this religion. Some minor groups have been shut out due to Christian principles and contradicting ideas have been conflicted. On the other hand, Christianity has motivated moral precepts, and brought together believers.


 * Outline of Script**
 * Christianity**


 * How does your religion impact your identity? Be sure to describe your journey (even if it is on-going).
 * Christian name : baby sheep
 * God’s children
 * baptized as a baby
 * moved to the States where family became strong-believers
 * followed them
 * went to Church every Sunday
 * moved to Korea; lost my faith/lazy/too busy to go to Church
 * I pray once in a while when I’m depressed or something bad happens
 * feel pure due to the belief that Jesus is in your heart
 * feel special because of the belief that God made me


 * How does your religion impact your family?
 * remember ancestors, esp. close family members who passed away
 * unite family physically and mentally
 * motivation to live
 * makes you feel relieved to die
 * thankful/appreciation


 * How does your religion impact your society (and even the world)?
 * unity of the society with same religion/bonded between believers
 * cause wars and conflicts
 * outsiders : homosexuality