A+Ra+Block+A+2011

Ara Cho



Radio for Awesome

French Revolution Ant Farm Block A Cho

Enlightened Despot Glogster Unit III

Age Of Exploration (Ara Cho)

**What route might they have all taken? Describe it...**

**//Holy Roman Emperor//:** The Journey would start with traveling the Mediterranean Sea to the Kingdom of Aragon and pass between the Kingdom of Granada and the Kingdom of Marinids to the Atlantic Ocean. Then, the ship will sail around the continent of Africa. Once the ship is near current Ethiopia, it will sail towards India and enter the Indus River. The ship will reach China as they follow the Indus River to the Ming Empire.

**//Emperor of Byzantine://** The Journey would start with traveling the Mediterranean Sea around Sicily. It will sail to the Kingdom of Aragon and pass between the Kingdom of Granada and the Kingdom of Marinids to the Atlantic Ocean. Then, the ship will sail around the continent of Africa. Once the ship is near current Ethiopia, it will sail towards India and enter the Indus River. The ship will reach China as they follow the Indus River to the Ming Empire.

**//Doge of Venice://** The Journey would start with traveling the Mediterranean Sea around the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily.It will sail to the Kingdom of Aragon and pass between the Kingdom of Granada and the Kingdom of Marinids t o the Atlantic Ocean. Then, the ship will sail around the continent of Africa. Once the ship is near current Ethiopia, it will sail towards India and enter the Indus River. The ship will reach China as they follow the Indus River to the Ming Empire.

**//England, France, Castille, and Portugal://**The ships will sail down the English Channel to the Atlantic Ocean. Then, the ship will sail around the continent of Africa. Once the ship is near current Ethiopia, it will sail towards India and enter the Indus River. The ship will reach China as they follow the Indus River to the Ming Empire.

**Look carefully at the Yuan and Ming Dynasties and make some generalizations about China under those dynasties. Size? Change from previous dynasties? From your reading, make any observations you can about the two time periods.** The Yuan Dynasty was larger than the Ming dynasty as the Ming Dynasty had lost the Northern Part of their land. The size of the dynasties in China seem to be increasing as time passes. The earliest dynasties have the least amount of land conquered, and as time passes. The Ming Dynasty appreciated art and science. more than the Yuan Dynasty. The Ming Dynasty reconstructed the Great Wall and improved it with watchtowers. In contrast, the Yuan Dynasty did not restore much of the past achievements of previous dynasties.

**SO, using your math skills, refer to the following map and figure out how big that new capital would be.** The size of London is The new capital would be approximately 75,000 km. The population would be about 2.5 million.

**Compare the map of the great walled capital Zhu Di built (above) to the map of modern China (below).** **The Forbidden City is now the Palace Museum, and is located at the centre of the map below:**

**Can you find the old city in the modern city? Where is it? What is there now?** || Temples such as the Confucian Temple and the White Pagoda temple exist to preserve the beliefs of the old dynasties. However, instead of the palace, there is now the palace museum. The towers, such as the Bell tower still remain, but there are many modern buildings like hotels and stores that replace remains of the old city.

**If it WAS, where would it reach if it began at the Yalu River? Use the map in MWH Atlas p A18-19 to estimate where you would end up if the wall really extended 6,400 kms due west of Beijing.** ||

If the wall continues on for 6400 km west of Beijing, it will result to end up at the Hwang River.

**Through what MODERN countries did the silk roads go?** || The silk road went to various nations in the Middle East, India, Egypt, and China.



__ ** KEY SKILL: Paragraph writing ** __
= Using the prompt below and the template provided, write a detailed body paragraph based on your readings, class discussions and the video clip above. = = //**The three Muslim Empires of the 1300-1700 time period each made significant contributions to their worlds and the rest of world history. Why did the Muslim world not come to dominate world affairs during this time period? **// = ==Step One: Plan a paragraph for an essay using the template below (dot-points are appropriate for this step)== Akbar’s successors contributed to the end of the Mughal Empire by not being able to devote to the empire. Jahangir was the figure head when the real power was his wife, Shah Jahan wasted taxes and the national money for his wife’s tomb 2.absence of humanism: Although they did not ban other religions in the nation, the non-Muslims had to pay taxes and Muslims had to serve for the military. The laws and the way people lived were based on Islamic cultures. No paintings of Allah or living figures of religious beings. 3.internal conflicts within the Empire: and Aurangzeb was not flexible with the beliefs of his people and punished the Hindus for not being Muslim. This lead to the decline and the end of the Mughal Empire.
 * || ==== Paragraph Writing: Using TEEEL Structure ==== ||
 * ==== Topic Sentence ==== || ====Despite the fact that the three Muslim Empires of the 14th century to the 16th century made significant contributions to the rest of the world, they could not dominate world affairs during this time because: the lack of leadership, absence of humanism, and internal conflicts within the Empires.==== ||
 * ==== Elaboration ==== || ====During the 1300s to the 1700s, the Ottoman Empire(current day Turkey), the Safavid Empire (current day Iran), and the Mughal Empire (current day India) was the Golden age for the Muslim Empires. The Ottoman Empire expanded the size of its region and appreciated art. The Safavid Empire also promoted art and trade with other nations and the Mughal Empire left what is now the symbol of India: the Taj Mahal. Such great accomplishments made by these Empires create an irony of why they did not dominate the whole world.==== ||
 * ==== Examples/Evidence ==== || ====1.lack of leadership:====

"FRATRICIDE"
|| = Step 2: Now that you have a detailed plan, write your paragraph in full sentence form. It should be 8-12 sentences in length. = = Step 3: Proof-read //your work and edit to improve spelling, grammar and vocabulary.// = = Step 4: Produce a final copy of your paragraph. Be sure that it is uploaded to Google docs as per appropriate labeling, re: Block Last name first name [as per Power School] (English name) Assignment name (In this case: Muslim Empires) =
 * ==== Explanation/analysis ==== || ====If the leader of an empire did not rule, but his wife had had the power, would the citizens be able to trust their empire? If the leader of an empire did not rule and devoted all the taxes to create his wife's tomb, would the empire be able to sustain its balance? This resulted in the decline of the Mughal Empire. Instead of influencing the rest of the world with its great developments, the Muslim Empires could not maintain its own leaders and fell. No one dared to challenge the God. Throughout all the reigns of the Muslim Empires, religion was always in the centre of it. Whatever written in the Koran was the law and God's words could not be challenged. Thus, no scientists could claim ideas that went against the words of Allah and no man could think that the human was as essential as the being of Allah, limiting the range of ideas. Fratricide occurred towards the end of the Muslim Empires. The Muslim Leaders did not leave great successors to continue on with the empires. Also, by limiting the religious beliefs of the people, the Empire gained less credit. Chaos within the government grew and the Muslim Empire ended without being able to spread their greatness.==== ||
 * ==== Link Sentence ==== || ====Although The Muslim Empire was powerful and lavishing, it could not dominate world affairs for reasons that could have been prevented with a slight opening of the mind.==== ||

__Key Skill: Comparison/Contrasting Information (Charting information)__

 * FIRST, I think it is important that we look at the basics of two of the world's great religions, ISLAM and CHRISTIANITY. It is impossible to understand the tension and interactions between the two worlds without this background knowledge.**
 * SO, half the class will be assigned ISLAM and the other half CHRISTIANITY to research. For your homework, fill in the RELIGIONS CHART for your assigned religion and be ready to share with a partner the basics of the faith. Note that you must cite your sources used in MLA format - THIS IS NOT AN OPTION AND NO CREDIT WILL BE GIVEN IF THEY ARE NOT RECORDED PROPERLY.**

Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Episcopalian, Baptist, Methodist, Pentecostal, Calvinism, Presbyterian || Judea (present-day Israel) || Jesus of Nazareth, John Calvin, Martin Luther, Benedict XVI, Paul of Tarsus, Simon Peter || * Jesus Christ is the Only Way to Eternal Salvation With God the Father
 * Your chart (an entire wikipage for this assignment) will have to follow the following design**
 * **Name of religion** || Branches of it || **Area where it started** || Key people in it || **Tenets** || Regions of the world where it is found ||
 * Christianity || Eastern Orthodoxy,
 * We Are Saved by Grace Through Faith – Not by Works
 * Jesus Christ is the Son of God
 * The Incarnation of Jesus Christ
 * The Bodily Resurrection of Jesus Christ From the Grave
 * The Ascension of Jesus Christ
 * The Doctrine of the Trinity
 * The Holy Bible is the Inspired and Infallible Word of God
 * We Are Baptized With the Holy Spirit at the Moment of Salvation
 * Regeneration by the Holy Spirit
 * The Doctrine of Hell
 * The 2nd Coming of Jesus Christ Back to our Earth || Everywhere around the world, excluding extreme Muslim nations. ||



**Question for Consideration ** **In light of what you have heard above during the Trial of Galileo Galilei, the presentations on controversial topics in science and what you might be able to download from the internet consider the following question.** **//Should there be limits to our access to information?//** **Take a position on the above question and be prepared to defend it in a //well// written paragraph.****Be sure you follow the same ideas introduced by using TEEEL.**


 * **Topic sentence** || ==People have the right to access various types of information, but there must be specific limits from people accessing information beyond their rights.== ||
 * **Elaboration** || ==People have the rights to keep their privacy, express their beliefs, and have access to basic information. However, the boundary of "basic information" does not include classified information such as, but not limited to: military strategies, personal medical statuses, and government.== ||
 * **Examples/Evidence** || ==Wikileaks was an example of the controversial issue of limiting access of information**.** As technology is being developed, companies may reach access to softwares and programs designed for other companies, destroying the company that developed them.== ||
 * **Explanation/Analysis** || ==**Wikileaks is a site created a few years ago by a hacker gaining access to government information of various nations and sharing it to the public. Although Wikileaks provided normal people with corrupted governments, but also about national secrets that should not be allowed to be shared to other nations which created various conflicts. Through the Wikileaks, many nations and companies were concerned of losing authority among the society. Companies and individuals own information about their new products and ideas. With these ideas open to the public not in a form of the final product (but with people having access to these data) would not only disappoint customers, but also bring economic and social conflicts among the community.**== ||
 * **Link sentence** || ==Sharing information with the public is a right for all people, but having specific limits from people accessing information is necessary because people also have the rights to not only know, but to 'not-know' certain subjects.== ||

**And then answer the following questions:** The Ottomans treated non-Muslims quite fairly, the Sultan made non-Muslims pay taxes, but they did not need to join the military. Whereas, Muslims did not pay taxes, but were required to serve the military. Also, Suleyman did not mistreat non-religious people, such as Christians or Jews. This was a nice strategy to use because those who believe in other religions as the government authorities may lead to rebellions and other internal conflicts within the nation. This would make it easier for the empire to fall. Suleyman I brought the Ottoman Empire to its greatest size by conquering parts of the southeastern Europe by 1525. He won control of the entire eastern Mediterranean Sea and took North Africa as far west as Tripoli. He let the empire allow people to follow their own religion. He also revised laws of the empire giving him the name-Suleyman the Lawgiver. He also oversaw and empire that was full of accomplished works of art by creating excellent pieces of architect to his capital. Suleiman and Shah Abbas did not leave a brilliant sultan like themselves to continue on the empire after their rule is over. They were brilliant leaders of the Ottoman Empire, but the following sultans could not accomplish as much as they did. They should have trained and taught their successors for the future generations of the empire. The evidence of cultural blending from Akbar’s rule is the language. He had produces two new languages-Hindi blended with Persian and local languages, and a mixture of Arabic, Persian, and Hindi. These languages are still used up to this date. Akbar’s successors contributed to the end of the Mughal Empire by not being able to devote to the empire. Jahangir was the figure head when the real power was his wife, Shah Jahan wasted taxes and the national money for his wife’s tomb, and Aurangzeb was not flexible with the beliefs of his people and punished the Hindus for not being Muslim. This lead to the decline and the end of the Mughal Empire.
 * 1) **How did the Ottomans treat non-Muslims?**
 * 1) **What were Suleyman's major accomplishments?**
 * 1) **Despite their brilliant rule, what critical mistake did Suleiman and Shah Abbas make?**
 * 1) **What evidence of cultural blending can you find in Akbar's rule?**
 * 1) **How did Akbar's successors contribute to the end of the Mughal Empire?**

**Key Skill: Analytical Reading/Thinking** **With the rebirth of thinking and questioning their world in the Western European Renaissance, people began to really "think outside the box". They questioned their lives and how they were governed, they questioned the authority of leaders and the Church and they questioned how things WERE. All of this challenging also led to what is known as the SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION. Read pages 189-194 and answer the following questions thoughtfully and carefully.** The causes of the Scientific Revolution was the combination of discoveries and circumstances. During the Renaissances, many people travelled to many different regions and experienced various culture. By encountering many ideas and beliefs from other lands, the Europeans opened their minds to creativity. Also, many discoveries were made that were revolutionary to the Christian Europeans. This was very significant because as the discoveries were made, not only did people open minds to science, but also they opened people to the idea that the bible and Christianity is not accurate and became questioning the church, as well as everything around them.
 * 1) **What were the CAUSES of the Scientific Revolution? Which one do you think is MOST significant AND WHY?**

The positions of authority at the time were the Church and the government. This indicates that Christianity had the ultimate power in mostly every fact of that time. It was obvious for everyone to believe whatever mentioned in the bible or by the church authorities were correct. Because the “words of God” were always right, people had absolute faith in it. However, with new scholars arguing that the ideas mentioned by the church were wrong, people would start not only considering whether the ideas of the church are not accurate, but start losing faith in the church itself. Thus, the church would lose power and the positions of authority at the time did not want that to happen.
 * 1) **Why might those in positions of authority at the time (Church and government) tend to reject new ideas?**

Of course, it would have been much more heroic and courageous for Galileo to stand up for his ideas until the moment of death during the trial. However, Galileo’s actions of claiming Copernicus’ ideas were false is utterly understandable. At this time, the church authorities would have done everything to prove that whatever the church said was correct and if people like Galileo were in their way, they would torture or even execute him without hesitation.
 * 1) **Do you agree with Galileo's actions during his trial? Explain.**
 * 1) **Make a list of the major figures of this revolution in thinking and what they did.**

**Copernicus** -Reintroduced the heliocentric theory **Galileo** -Built a telescope to study the heavens -Found out that Jupiter had four moons and he sun had dark spots -Noted moon had an uneven, rough surface -Agreed to Copernicus’ theory **Bacon and Descartes** -Came up with the scientific methods -Bacon: scientist shall experiment and then draw conclusions to prove their theories -Descartes:Using logic and strict reasoning, people can prove their theories **Newton** -Came up with the three laws of motion that affect to every object with mass. **Janssen** -Developed a microscope **Leeuwenhoek** -Developed a microscope that could see in bacterial levels. **Torricelli** -Invented the first mercury barometer **Celsius and Farenheit** -Came up with the units for measuring temperature. **Velisalius** -Used dissection to record thorough information about human organs, bones, and muscles. **Jenner** -Came up with a Vaccine that prevents smallpox. **Boyle** -Founded Modern Chemistry


 * 1) **Explain the significance of these terms:**
 * **Geocentric Theory-**The Geocentric Theory hardened the idea that the bible and the church are right. By letting the people know for sure that the Earth was in the centre of the universe, people would have had more faith in the church.
 * **Heliocentric Theory-**The Heliocentric theory goes against the ideas of the church. This theory was quite revolutionary at the time because whatever the church claimed to be true was known to be absolutely accurate. However, by claiming that the Geocentric Theory of the church was wrong people had an opportunity to reconsider whether the church was sincere and trustworthy enough to give faith to it.
 * **Scientific Revolution-**The scientific revolution was significant because it gave a chance for people of Europe to open their minds to new ideas and thoughts that they would have thought was impossible because of the obstacles the church and the government had placed in front of them. People could actually experiment and venture their ideas and come up with new facts without being held back by religious beliefs.
 * **Scientific method-**The scientific method is still significant to this day because it is a guideline for scientists, mathematicians, and even philosophers follow to prove their ideas. It is a process of solving a problem with logic, observation, and experiments. This leads people to present precise information to the public with logical evidence.


 * Renaissance Paragraph**

The Renaissance was a significant period of time to opening the minds of Europe because humanism was adopted and life became more secular. The Renaissance means the rebirth. It was the rebirth of art, learning and the general way of thinking of the Europeans. This era was right after the bubonic plague and the medieval ages, the most depressing times of the European history. Thus, the Renaissance was revolutionary. One of the most important people during the Renaissance were the Medici family and numerous artists such as Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Isaac Newton, Shakespeare and so on. Their artwork and achievements were superior compared to those of other ages in history. Michelangelo came up with the human body in a bold realistic way. Leonardo Da Vinci discovered and left great ideas that are still studied by modern scientists and artists. The Medici family was crucial to the Renaissance artists by economically supporting them. With their patronages, the artists such as Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo could leave such great artwork. The Renaissance Artists developed realistic styles of expressing the human body into art and perspective art was discovered as realistic paintings were trending. A people had more wealth and leisure they had more time to think. Thus, people such as Isaac Newton were able to develop ideas that would be the basic of current physics. As people started to look through the view of humanism, they could see more than religion, but development of mankind. The people of the Renaissance <range type="comment" id="648206">leapt a huge step and opened our minds to think, create, and dicover more interesting and efficient ideas.

Page 37-39 Reading 1. How did the cities of Italy help create the Renaissance? The cities of Italy helped create the Renaissance mainly because Italy at this time was wealthy. The authorities of Italian cities showed their importance through art and the Roman and Greek culture long lost from the medieval ages. As the religious groups began to get richer, they adapted the luxury lives of paintings, fine music, and tasty foods. Humanism was also developed as people thought as oneself being as important as the beliefs they trust. There was a coast of which made the cities of Italy fluent in trade. Also, the bubonic plague wiped out a majority of the population in Europe making labour in the cities of Italy much more expensive and valuable. 2. What is your opinion of the Medici family? I personally think that the Medici family caused a positive influence to the European history. Because they supported art and the renaissance. They were the "dictators" of Florence. However, they have also proved that not only the "royal" and the "nobles" could take power in ruling nations and cities. As a merchant family, the Medici family has influenced Florence and its nearby nations with their economical and political powers.. 3. How did Humanism influence Renaissance ideas? Humanism influenced Renaissance ideas by creating more realistic art and popularised the study of subjects such as history, literature, and philosophy. Also, other than focusing on the Christian beliefs, people were able to study ancient Greek values and topics that were not thought into in the past, medieval times. 4. Why did church leaders and wealthy merchants support the arts? Church leaders and wealthy merchants supported the arts to show their importance. The more paintings/sculptures one donated, demonstrated more importance. Also, men such as church leaders and wealthy merchants had their portraits painted for the same reasons. 5. What were the similarities and differences between upper-class Renaissance men and women? Upper-class Renaissance men and women were both taught to be classic and charming. They were told to inspire art, but rarely created any. Both were well educated. However, Renaissance women were not to expect fame. 6. After reading the "Analyzing Primary Sources" box, respond to this question: Do the qualities called for in the ideal Renaissance man and woman seem to emphasize the individual or the group? Give evidence in the documents to back up your answer! The qualities called for the ideal Renaissance man and woman seemed to emphasize at the individual. "The Courtier" says that one should be stern, bold in front of the enemies and gentle and modest in other cases. Renaissance men and women were expected to act noble and classy as they were educated and treated in the society.




 * __Ara Cho's Family History Page__ **



Vocabulary
 * Ara Cho**
 * Aug.12.2011**
 * 9A**
 * heretical**-going against a religious belief (christianity)
 * faggot**-a bundle of sticks that represent the shame of crime. Criminals whom did not carry their faggots around were burnt to death amongst more sticks.
 * Eucharist**-the holy bread that is said to be the body of Jesus.
 * abstain**-to resist from doing something tempting(going against christian ideas)
 * penance**-Punishment for the sins one has committed
 * beseeching**-Sincerely request
 * source**-original information obtained from a raw record.

In the first section of the article, John Hogsflesh is shown practicing his penances, punishments for going against christian beliefs. From the story of Hogsflesh, we can discover many information, such as carrying faggots and making a speech to beseech the others from doing such a crime as he had committed. This shows that in order to know all these information and put them into the story of Hogsflesh, historians not only must record information about previous events occurred in the past, but also have roles of telling a story, giving a meaning to something, figuring out new information from raw records, and so on.
 * 1.In section 1, Heretical Beliefs, the historian gives his account of a historical event. What is happening to Hogsflesh? What is the historian's “story” or main point of the article?**

The roles of a historian are defined to be analysts, detectives, judges, political campaigners, philosophers, synthesizers, and a story teller. I can certainly agree with John Arnold about his assumptions because these roles are what make being a historian difficult. Being a historian, as Arnold had been emphasizing throughout the article, is to have very little bias and subjective vision and recording history in that point of view. Historians must know how to give meaning to various subject in order to gain more information from the original source. I believe that historians could also be counselors. History may be the most important subject to human kind, mainly because they show what negative and positive effects they have caused throughout time. By writing history down, they are giving advice to future generations to not repeat the mistakes and imitate the splendid development of culture.
 * 2.What are the roles of a historian defined by John Arnold? Do you agree or disagree with his assumptions? Can you think of any other roles?**

To start with, the definition of fidelity means the state of being loyal and faithful. Thus when one treat sources with fidelity, it means that one sticks to exactly what the source records. They cannot remove certain information or add them. That is not being a historian. However, they stick on to the information they gained from these sources and make them their own by interpreting them into how they wish to shape history. When reading historical references, one must focus and be committed to the information given directly from the references. These were recorded by historians whom had been loyal to this information and one must handle that information with fidelity and helps gain specific ideas.
 * 3.What is meant by “treat(ing) their sources with fidelity?” Remember to put your response in your own words. Why is it important to remember this when reading historical references?**

A single event can be interpreted in more than one way depending on how the historian views the event. Most of the time, history is recorded in the point of view of the winners of battles and the powerful nations. These events are described in a flattery manner with the winning nations seem as they had strong and wealthy nation. However, from the point of view of the losers or the people whom watch these issues from various point of views may see the event differently. They might describe a liberator as a traitor and a rich man as a thief. When I had given my speech for the president elections last year, I wrote my speech to be original, entertaining and to directly convince others to vote for me. Many of my classmates enjoyed the speech and told me it was different from all of the candidates that had run for the officers. However, the president of the previous year thought that I had plagiarized her speech, as her speech was also very outgoing and entertaining. Thus, we had a slight misunderstanding about the collision of our thoughts about my speech.
 * 4.How can a single event be interpreted in more than one way? Can you think of an event in your life that historians could interpret with differing points of view?**

I recall the day of my grandfather 60th birthday. I was very little then, not yet informed with so much information and I always thought going to the karaoke on a special day was mandatory. So on my Grandfather’s 60th birthday, all of the relatives of the maternal side family decided to visit a karaoke all together. I remember this was one of the best moments my life. We all sang and danced and celebrated the day. However, my cousin has a slight different memory about that night. She told me it was not a very pleasurable experience to her for her parents kept trying to record how she was singing. She was too upset to enjoy anything else and she told me that going to the karaoke with family members are uncomfortable and unpleasant.
 * 5.Talk to a family member or friend about something that happened to you both a long time ago. Examine how you both remember the incident and write about it. With that in mind, when attaching meaning to history, is it possible for a historian to be completely objective? Use examples from the incident you just discussed to reinforce your response.**

Just like this, being a historian cannot be completely objective. When the historian records history, one uses a special tone of how it will be written. However, as historians are human, as well, they should have their own opinions about a certain event or history. They may not directly show that they go for/against an event on the records, but they can show through their ways of writing the event.

When historians practice subjective history, there is a high possibility that history will be hard to determine as “correct”. Biased writing is hard to tell if any of the information was deleted or added just for the benefit of one side. The same event may be retold with positive compliments or negative criticism. It could lead to a collision of ideas with historians and expand into larger arguments. However, subjective history does help when determining how each side would have felt during the event and how beneficial/unfavorable it was. My cousin and I had different opinions about my grandfather’s birthday because we each had different experiences. She was being filmed by her parents and I was just having fun. The mood of the moments then determined how we felt about the party in the future. Historians try to be as objective as they can, but being human just like any other person on Earth, they have their own experiences and cultures that make their history a little subjective. This tells history can not be a 100% objective matter.
 * 6.What problems may arise when historians practice subjective history? In what ways may subjective history be beneficial to the study of history? Think back to the incident you just discussed with your family member or friend. Why did it make sense for you to remember the event the way you did and for the other person to remember it the way he or she did? What does this tell us about history?**

Historians are story tellers because history is a story. It is the story of how people live around the world in a period of time. By interpreting the raw sources and creating history, historians inform others about events, people, and culture. However, if there are so many different versions for every story, then history would not be considered as an accurate record. Just like myths, they would be read and recorded by people whom are interested, but they would not necessarily be trusted by people.
 * 7.Why is every historian "a storyteller?" If all historians are storytellers and there are myriad versions of every story, can we trust historians? Why or why not?**

My view of history and historians has changed a lot based on this reading. I learnt that history is a trickier thing than I thought it was and that historians have to be talented in many different sides. Whenever I approach history from now on, I believe I will analyse if it is true and search for how the historian feels about the event, in matters of subjective history.
 * 8.How did your view of history and historians change based on this reading? How will you approach history now that you have explored these views?**

__ **Why is the understanding of culture necessary in order to understand history?** __ Understanding culture of a specific area, period, and group of people is strongly bonded to understanding history. Culture consists of three important elements: artifacts (physical objects that we can touch), mentifacts (ideas and beliefs), and sociofacts. History is generally defined to be records about events and people in a certain time(usually the past). In order for an event to occur, there must be a cause and an effect that follows. The causes are mostly determined by culture. The Jewish community has been discriminated by many societies over the years mainly because of two reasons: Jews believe they are the chosen race of people by God and according to the bible and they were the race of people who helped in the crucifixion of Jesus. Their religious beliefs disturb people of other beliefs(mentifacts caused by their surroundings) all over the world. Furthermore, in the late 1940s the Jews took over Jerusalem, a home of Islamic <range type="comment" id="774145">Pakistanis, with their wealth and militaries. Jerusalem had been their land 2000 years before, but the Jews decided to take back the land that was once theirs making the Pakistanis homeless. However, this matter of conquering Jerusalim is not only a simple conflict between two nations. The U.S. supported the Jews because of economic matters and numerous Muslim nations strongly stand in Pakistan’s side. Since then, terrorism and wars between religious groups have never stopped. <range type="comment" id="283728">Religion is a essential part of culture(mentifacts) and it affects many events in the past and present. This is evidence to prove that many events in history occurs by cultural collisions, combinations, and transformation. People tend to group with other people with the similar pair of glasses(in this case, religion) and what shapes them are the mentifacts that they have around them.