Unit+2-Esther+Kim

__Age of Exploration: Esther Kim__

__China-A Missed Opportunity for Global Dominance: Esther Kim__

__Classwork 9/29/11__ __Muslim Empires Paragraph Planning -Esther Kim__

__Classwork 9/27/11__
 * Comparing & Contrasting Information (Islam & Christianity)-Esther**

__Classwork 9/23/11__
 * Access to information Planning-Esther Kim**

__Homework 9/22/11__ And then answer the following questions: -The Ottomans treated non-Muslims fairly well since they had a law allowing people to practice their own religions. Still, even though they did not have to serve in the army, they had to pay taxes.
 * How did the Ottomans treat non-Muslims?**

-He increased the territory of the empire greatly. He conquered a vast amount of land including southeastern Europe and eastern Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, he set an organized society with revised laws. In addition, he built many excellent buildings in his capital.
 * What were Suleyman's major accomplishments?**

-They both killed their abled sons as they were afraid that those sons will take away the power from them. Thus, after they died, weak leaders took control over the empires, leading to the empires’ declines.
 * Despite their brilliant rule, what critical mistake did Suleiman and Shah Abbas make?**

-Numerous evidences of cultural blending can be found in Akbar’s rule. First, Akbar allowed freedom of religion. He let his wives and government officials to practice their own religions. He removed the tax that the Hindu pilgrims and the non-Muslims had to pay. Second, two languages resulted from the blending of different cultures. One was Hindi blended Persian and local languages. The other one was Urdu, which was Arabic combined with Persian and HIndi. This language was spoken by Akbar’s soldiers. Third, many exquisite art works, books, and buildings also serve as evidences of cultural blending.
 * What evidence of cultural blending can you find in Akbar's rule?**

-Akbar’s successors fought for power. Moreover, they used excessive amounts of money on luxuries and battles, leading to levying higher taxes on citizens. This extremely angered the citizens of the Empire. Moreover, the mistreatment of non-Muslims also led to many rebellions. As all these problems took place, the Mughal Empire declined.
 * How did Akbar's successors contribute to the end of the Mughal Empire?**

__Homework 9/20/11__ //**Key Skill 5: Analytical Reading/Thinking**// -Protestant Reformation, Invention of the printing press, and the discovery of new land,the age of European exploration, competition among Nation-states all played a role in leading to the Scientific Revolution. Yet, I think Protestant Reformation was mainly led to the Scientific Revolution since the Church no longer took control over science. Many scholars began to publish books that replaced old assumptions with new theories.
 * 1. What were the CAUSES of the Scientific Revolution? Which one do you think is MOST significant AND WHY?**

-Individuals in positions of authority tend to reject new ideas because they wanted to have complete control over people without having anyone question or challenge their original ideas.
 * 2. Why might those in positions of authority at the time (Church and government) tend to reject new ideas?**

-I agree with Galileo’s actions during his trial because if he did not claim that the ideas of Copernicus were false and that he did not want to sign the confession, he would have possibly been accused of heresy and excommunicated.
 * 3. Do you agree with Galileo's actions during his trial? Explain.**


 * 4. Make a list of the major figures of this revolution in thinking and what they did.**
 * -Robert Boyle:** He came up with the Boyle’s Law. (how volume, pressure and temperature of gas have impact on each other)


 * -Copernicus:** He came up with the Heliocentric Theory.


 * -Tycho Brahe:** He made records of the movements of the planets.


 * -Johannes Kepler:** He came up with the mathematical laws that control planetary motion. (planets rotate around the sun in elliptical orbits)


 * -Galileo Galilei:** He claimed that four moons, Jupiter, and the sun had dark spots. Moreover, he asserted that Earth’s moon had an uneven, coarse surface. His ideas agreed with Copernicus’ ideas.


 * -Francis Bacon:** He came up with the Empiricism and told people to make conclusions after having experiments.


 * -René Descartes:** He came up with the analytical knowledge, which linked algebra and geometry to verify knowledge.


 * -Issac Newton:** He came up with the Law of universal gravitation.


 * -Zacharias Janssen:** He took a part in inventing microscope and telescope.


 * -Anton van Leeuwenhoek:** He watched bacteria through microscope.


 * -Evangelista Torricelli:** He invented barometer.


 * -Gabriel Fahrenheit:** He invented mercury thermometer.


 * -Anders Celsius:** He created another mercury thermometer.


 * -Andreas Vesalius:** He studied human body and published a book called //On the Structure of the Human Body.//


 * -Edward Jenner:** He created a vaccine to stop smallpox.


 * 5. Explain the significance of these terms:**
 * Geocentric Theory:** the earth-centered view of universe


 * Heliocentric Theory:** the sun-centered view of universe


 * Scientific Revolution:** a new way of thinking about the natural world as the scholars replaced old assumptions with new theories, launching a change in European thought. Scientists based their way of thinking on careful observation and willingness to question accepted beliefs.


 * Scientific method:** logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas to approach science.

__Homework 9/6/11__ -The Renaissance contributed to the opening of the mind in Europe since people began to accept new ideas and inventions and correct the wrong beliefs that they originally had when they were restrained in the Catholic Church's power. Before the Renaissance, there was the Middle Ages, in which there were countless people dying from Black Death, hardly any improvements made, and the Church had complete authority over all things including religion, politics, science, and many others. The Renaissance, referring to rebirth, is a period when the revival of art and learning took place. The coastal-bound city states in Italy allowed them to be the starting place of Renaissance in Europe. This period came about as people started to question, challenge, and correct the Church's ideas. For instance, Geocentrism, the idea that the Earth is in the center of the universe, was challenged and replaced by Helliocentrism, the belief that the Sun is in the middle of the universe. In addition, rich people like Lorenzo de' Medici supported artists, especially in financial means, causing enhancements in art. Humanism also greatly affected the Europeans' minds and studies as it is a belief that highlights human beings' potential and achievements. This idea of Humanism resulted people to focus more on themselves. There were further advancements in various areas such as art, literature, astronomy, philosophy, and anatomy. The Renaissance men,individuals who excelled in numerous areas, contributed a lot in making these developments. These new changes had great impacts on the Europeans, making Europe strong and powerful. As countless improvements took place, less emphasis was placed on the Catholic Church but rather, people became secular. People began to interpret things through different ways such as science and arts, not religion. The individuals actually were able to enjoy their lives as their views broadened. All in all, the new ideas and changes brought to Europe after the individuals were unchained from the confinement of the Church led to the opening of the mind of Europeans.
 * ‘How did the Renaissance contribute to the opening of the mind in Europe?'**

__Class work 8/31/11__ -Europe obtained dominance over the world as they went through the Renaissance because they exceedingly flourished. They had extreme wealth, which allowed them to hold strong power. Moreover, their studies led to many inventions and knowledge. Their attempt to revive and learn the Greco-Roman ideas played a significant role in gaining new knowledge. Furthermore, throughout the process of working on various studies, they questioned and challenged the Church as Church had complete power over spiritual and civil parts before the Renaissance. As a result, they were able to come up with logical ideas and new findings such as the discovery that the universe is heliocentric. Their knowledge and inventions led to many advancements. In addition, they later had numerous explorations which resulted in having global colonies. The global colonies let them to apply their power globally.
 * Why did Europe gain dominance over the world?**

__Homework due 8/29/11__ //Assignment : Read pages 37-39 in your text (including the box on bottom of p.39 dealing with "Renaissance man and woman") and answer the following questions. Please, UPLOAD these answers into your WIKI WORK PAGE!//

-Italian cities aided in forming the Renaissance as it was the first place to go through this movement. They were able to be the first ones because of several advantages. First, as their constant overseas trade flourished, they received new ideas and products from other places. Second, the powerful, wealthy merchant class improved the city states since they had control over them. Third, the scholars sought to revive ancient Greek and Roman ideas.
 * 1. How did the cities of Italy help create the Renaissance?**

-Medici family was indeed very powerful. Not only their extreme wealth, but also they had control over the politics of Florence. I think this family played an important role in leading the Italian Renaissance. As a wealthy family, they supported scholars and artists. While it is true that they were formidable and daunting, it is apparent that they took a huge part in making advancements during the Renaissance period.
 * 2. What is your opinion of the Medici family?**

-Humanism made people to focus on the individuals themselves because Humanism is a belief that highlights the potentials of human beings. Humanism had various effects. For instance, artists and architects were influenced and the study of general classical subjects escalated.
 * 3. How did Humanism influence Renaissance ideas?**

-Church leaders and wealthy merchants supported the arts to indicate their importance and power.
 * 4. Why did church leaders and wealthy merchants support the arts?**

-Both Renaissance men and women were expected to be well educated, be knowledgeable of the classics and be charming. However, while Renaissance men were anticipated to seek fame, women were not. In addition, although there were many parts in which women were involved, they were not expected to be deeply involved. For example, women were mostly expected to be motivated by art instead of making it. Hence, it can be said that the Renaissance men held much more power than the Renaissance women.
 * 5. What were the similarities and differences between upper-class Renaissance men and women?**

-The qualities for ideal Renaissance man and women appear to emphasize the individual. When reading the passages, most information was about how a person should become and act in order to be an ideal person. Baldassare Castiglione stated that a Renaissance man should be “very bold, stern, and always among the first”. Moreover, he asserted that an ideal man should be “gentle, modest, reserved, above all things avoiding ostentation”. None of these descriptions are meant to show the group, but instead, it is displaying how an ideal Renaissance man should act. Furthermore, Isabella d’Este’s letter to Leonardo da Vinci is indeed very polite, gentle, and respectful. This demonstrates that Renaissance women were also expected have similar qualities as Renaissance men in many parts.
 * 6. After reading the "Analyzing Primary Sources" box, respond to this question: Do the qualities called for in the ideal Renaissance man and woman seem to emphasize the individual or the group? Give evidence in the documents to back up your answer!**