Park,+Sun+HaB2011

B Block Park SunHa Ancient History Unit III

Current Events Project: Declining Birthrates in E. Asia

Christianity in Korea


 * describe the emergence of the Christian community in Korea.
 * explain why Christianity gained more adherents in (South) Korea than in other East Asian nations.

-Yi Sunghun(Peter) brought Christianity to Korea in 1784 -Created the first Christian Church. || - 1978, 6.5million / Today 21million ||
 * Reading number and Title || Period being addressed || Three major (the power of three, sometimes you get two sometimes four) points drawn from this period ||
 * 1. Origins of Christianity || 1600-1800 || -First Korean contact with Roman Catholicism was from Hideyoshi and his troops.
 * 2. Growth of Christianity ||  || - 23,000 Christians ||
 * 3. Introduction of Protestantism, Christianity || 1880s-1910s ||  ||
 * 4. Korean Christianity Under Japanese Occupation || 1910-1945 || -Japanese ||
 * 5. Korean Christianity || 1945-Today || - After Korean War, people were exhausted but Christianity missionaries helped the people out by providing shelter.

Shintoism Chart:

Legalism Questions for Analysis:

1. In Han Fei's ideal state what is the supreme governing authority, the will of the ruler or the law?  In Han Fei's ideal state, the supreme governing authority is the will of the law. This is shown through The quotes, “To govern the state by law is to praise the right and blame the wrong” and "the intelligent sovereign makes the law select men and makes no arbitrary promotion himself"shows that the law was more powerful than the ruler, and it was the law that chose the ruler

2. What are the "Two Handles" and how important are they to a legalist state? Why must the sovereign never surrender control over the two handles? The "Two Handles" are chastisement and commendation. This is very important to a legalist state to maintain order. The two handles allows the sovereign to have ultimate power and control the society. Therefore the sovereign must never surrender over the two handles because, without it the political and social stability will be weakened.

3.What roles do individuality and private initiative play in Han Fei's ideal state? Individuality and private initiative play serves to keep order in the society.If one individual possesses good qualities they will be rewarded, and if not, they shall be punished. This idea is the same as the "Two Handles" giving chastisement and commendation.

4.Why do you think Legalism appealed to some people? Legalism appeals to some people because of its fairness. In this system, if one does something wrong they will be punished and if one behaves well, they will be rewarded. This system is fair since, it applies to everyone in the society, so there is no distinction between the people from the upper and lower classes.

5.Imagine a series of conversations among a Daoist, a Confucian, and a Legalist. How would each respond on the following issues: What is the purpose of good government? What role does morality play in formulating law? What are the qualities of a superior ruler? The proposition "Might makes right." A Daoists would respond by saying that the purpose of good government is to bring peace, by the government taking no action. The qualities of the superior ruler would be someone who values Wu-Wei greatly and has a simple mind. The morality plays no role in formulating a law

A Confucian would say that the purpose of good government is to govern people well by setting an good example by practicing morals in front of people. Morality play in formulating law by the relationships and respect between the people. The qualities of a superior ruler would be intelligence.

A Legalist would say that the purpose of a good government is enforcing laws and keeping the society stable. Morality depends heavily in formulating law and there is reward and punishment for the people. Qualities of a superior ruler would be strictness, fair and intelligent.

Essential Quotes of Taoism: The quote “The mystery of the Mysterious is the gateway to all indescribable marvels” relates to Christianity because this idea is similar to Heaven and Hell in Christianity. The quote, “that which has no name is the origin of heaven and earth” shows the presence of God, since God doesn’t have a name. This passage helps understand that Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism have common ideas. This passage shows how the three philosophies can coexist in a society by having a compromise between their beliefs. From the passage,"Not honoring men" is a Confucianism idea, "Not wanting rare things" is a Buddhist teaching and "Not paying attention" is Taoism teaching. I think the lines mean that one needs to have a relaxed mind, reinforced abdomen, gentle will and strengthened bones in order to achieve Inner Peace.This passage is a example of how Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism can be found common ground but not mutually exclusive belief systems. This is because, "relaxing the mind" is from Taoism, "reinforcing the abdomen" is from Confucianism's idea of gaining knowledge, "gentling the will" refers to Buddhism, however, in Buddhism this concept is stated as having no desire and not just gentling it. Last of all, "Strengthening the bones" refers to Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism focusing on Inner Peace within the body. The entries from Tao Te Ching describing the government is different from Confucius’ ideal because, Confucius believed that a government must set a good example by showing morality and intelligence. Confucianism believed that if a government set a good example the people will all develop and become moral as well, however, Lao Tzu thought the opposite. Lao Tzu believed that peace can be only achieved when a society has no rules and the government is tolerant. Democracy is the type of government that I thought of as I was reading this section and I think this is a good idea because although without the government setting the examples and limiting actions to the people, they can have more freedom and come to peace. I think the message regarding the third treasure is that someone who is modest will be able to achieve what they want to become and I agree with this idea. However, Lao Tzu states that people who are ambitious will fail to succeed since ambition will eventually lead to competition between others who want to achieve the same thing.
 * 1. In Lectures on the Tao Teh Ching, Lao-Tzu says, that, "The mystery of the Mysterious is the gateway to all indescribable marvels". Does this quote have an equivalent to in Christianity? Are there other parts of the Tao Teh Ching that remind you of Christian ideals?**
 * 2. See Passage 2, "Not honoring men....Not wanting rare things...Not paying attention..." How are does this help one understand how Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism found common ground and were not mutually exclusive belief systems?**
 * 3. In Passage 2, what do you think is meant by the lines, "relaxing the mind, reinforcing the abdomen, gentling the will, strengthening the bones"?**
 * 4. Consider the last three entries from D.C. Lau's Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching, Lao Tzu describes government. How is this ideal different from Confucius' ideal? What present day system of government are you reminded of when you read this section? Do you think this is a good system? Explain.**
 * 5. Regarding the third treasure that Lao Tzu describes, what do you think is his message? Do you agree? What does this say about people who are ambitious?**

Chuang Tzu in dream became a butterfly, And the butterfly became Chuang Tzu at waking. Which was the real—the butterfly or the man ? Who can tell the end of the endless changes of things? The water that flows into the depth of the distant sea Returns anon to the shallows of a transparent stream. The man, raising melons outside the green gate of the city, Was once the Prince of the East Hill. So must rank and riches vanish. You know it, still you toil and toil,—what for?

Why does the author choose a butterfly? The author chooses the butterfly because butterflies go under metamorphosis, and this is similar to humans since humans go through a development as time passes. They develop from babies to adults. Butterflies brings up the idea related to the cycle of life. What is the importance of the water cycle? The water cycle symbolizes how everything is connected together and the size and the quantity doesn't matter since everything possess same qualities, similar with water. What is the point about the 'man raising melons'? The point about the man raising melons is that someone in a high rank can end up low. This is shown through raising melons, because this is considered to be done from the lower class. However, the overall message is that the rank or wealth doesn't matter but the happiness or the fullfilness one achieves is the thing that truly matters. What is the author attempting to convey to the reader? The author is trying to convey that there is a connection between everything, and working hard and achieving something that everyone desires is pointless and has no value, if you aren't happy with it. Moreover, through the poem the author presents ideas about the cycle of life, and how things change in nature and in people.

**The Tao of Pooh Discussion Questions and Quotes** The significance is that the painting shows a general idea of the three teachings of China. The Vinegar Tasters shows that Confucianism revolves around the idea that current life is more important than the after life, and that life is sour and dissatisfying. Buddhism is about suffering and this is why Buddha is making a bitter face, showing that life is bitter. Last of all, Lao-tse believes that life revolves around harmony and must be satisfied, so he is smiling. The theme of life according to Hoff's interpretation of Taoism is happiness. Accepting everything that happens in life leads to happiness. Taoism is about thinking in a positive way and learning from life and being happy.  Hoff explains the uncarved block as something that is in its original state. Hoff states that original simplicity has power contained within it, and that the power can be spoiled by a change in the simplicity.  The secret message is simplicity, and how simplicity can be good and can accomplish things.  The Tao scholars criticized the Confucianists by saying that they are surrounded by their own walls and that they were dedicating their life only to studies. The Taoists referred the Confucianists as people who weren't living their life correctly and wisely because they were restricted to their own beliefs and learnings, and this limited the uniqueness of the individuals. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> The characters Rabbit, Owl and Eeyore represents a Confucianists while the Pooh represented the Taoists. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Hoff’s opinion towards the Confucianist scholars are negative. He believes that Confucianists are people who study the knowledge and don't share their learnings to a larger crowd but instead keeps their knowledge in small groups. The Confucianist scholars purposely writes in a difficult style to be understood to prevent the spread of their ideas and knowledge. Moreover, he states that Confucianist scholars are no help to the development to society and that they are not capable of being unique and thinking differently. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hoff says knowledge and experience is different, and he values experience over knowledge. He states that learning earned through experience is more worthy and valuable than just the knowledge of something. Most scholars blame the “uncarved block” for all the problems in the world. However, this isn’t justified because most scholars fail to admit that it was their fault and not the “uncarved block.” <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Cleverness has limitations, since they are proved inaccurate with passing time. On the other side, Inner Nature doesn't cannot be measured and it can't be understood. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">It is crucial to discern your Inner Nature, since it will allow you to know where you belong and don't belong. By discerning this, you can know what is right and wrong. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This quote means that people who admit what's wrong and can take care of themselves will live longer than others who consider themselves perfectly healthy, who denies their weakness. This shows that Hoff thinks that the mind people have towards their weakness can affect their lives greatly. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hoff means that people need to learn to accept the natural qualities of things. He wants us to do recognize the Inner Nature of the things and just leave them the way they are.This shows that Hoff didn't want people to look for answers of questions but instead recognize things that are present. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">People who don't listen to their own Inner Nature will not be able to understand much about themselves. Without Inner Nature, these people will have little or no respect for themselves, and therefore they will be easily influenced by others. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Way of Self-Reliance is the working with our characteristics, controlling our lives and doing what is right and best for us. This is important because this allows people to be more unique as individuals. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">We can change ourselves effectively through Taoism's principles by changing things that aren't beneficial to things that are. This will help to get rid of negative things a person has. Wu Wei or "The Pooh Way" according to Hoff means to not go against the nature of things by not doing, causing or making things. This means to not change the nature of things and try to adjust them for benefits. The quote means that the he follows Wu Wei by not changing what’s already there but instead accepting the nature of things as they are. The second half of the quote, "but nothing is not done" means that there is nothing to be done, and therefore everything is done. This is because things work in their own ways according to Wu Wei. Tai Chi reflects to Wu Wei, there is no offensive combat--only a yielding movement to overcome the opposing force. Tai Chi, therefore, is a martial art that does not expend energy, similar to Wu Wei, where force is overcome by neutralizing its power rather than combatting in the same, reflecting way. Yes, I am a Bisy Backson since I am doing something all the time and I am always busy. There is not a single moment when I am not doing any work, therefore, I am a Bisy Backson. Bisy Backson's views American history as ongoing fight and never felt comfortable and safe in the homeland. He thinks his ancestors were miserable, restless and lonely, which shows he was dissatisfied. According to Hoff, time cannot be saved but it can only be used wisely. Bisy Backson doesn't use time wisely because he's trying to find ways to save time instead of finding a way to use time wisely. The Youthful Immortal are the individuals who discovered the Secrets of Life at a young age, and was able to preserve a youthful appearance and energy. The process we go through to achieve our goals is what really makes us happy in life. This is because during the process to reach the goals, there is motivation and we have our goals that need to be achieved. When one achieves the goal, there are no more goals, and therefore, there is no motivation involved and a new goal gets set. There is nothing but feeling of emptiness when you have finally met the goals, therefore, the process is what makes us happy in life. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The significance of The Stonecutter is that always be satisfied with yourself and your position in life, because nothing is going to change even if you are dissatisfied. The message in the story seemed to be clear about you are who you are and you can never change that fact. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This quote is important because it means that people can courageously help others who have cared for them by caring back for them. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">One can find Wisdom, Happiness and Courage by appreciating of who you are and what you’ve got. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The “Great Nothing” in Taoism is actually something and it is considered to be important. Although nothing is nothing, by doing noting one can achieve peace. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">An Empty sort of mind is very valuable to Taoism because it is able to find important things that are right in front it. Moreover it helps charge the spiritual energy and allows people to focus on things more clearly. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This quote from Lao-tse means that wisdom is not something that can be learned but it is something that is forged as a result of lifes experiences, on theother hand, knowledge is information fained from a previous source. It is usually information gained through someone elses experiences. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Child is the highest stage of development because they are independent and clear minded, and therefore they have wisdom. Since their minds are empty with small knowledge they can acheive the “Great Nothing” by being able to see what is in front of them. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Knowledge and cleverness are things we search for in life. However, these can destroy our life because knowledge and cleverness limits our own thoughts and this stops from people thinking differently and unique. Instead of Knowledge and cleverness we must learn to value wisdom and contentment.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">1. What is the significance of the painting Hoff describes named The Vinegar Tasters? (2) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">2. What is the theme of life according to Hoff’s interpretation of Taoism? (5-6) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">3. How does Hoff explain the “uncarved block” metaphor? (10) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">4. What is the secret message of the “uncarved block?” (12) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">5. What was the main conflict between the Confucianists and Taoists according to Hoff? (24) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">6. Which of Milne’s characters represent Confucianists and Taoists according to Hoff? **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">7. What is Hoff’s opinion of Confucianist scholars? (26) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">8. What does Hoff say about knowledge vs. experience? (29) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">9. What do most scholars blame for problems in the world? Why isn’t it justified? (32) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">10. What is the difference between “cleverness” and “Inner Nature?” (38) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">11. Why is it important to discern your own Inner Nature? (41) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">12. Explain Hoff’s interpretation of the Chinese quote: “One disease, long life; No disease, short life.” (48) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">13. What does Hoff mean when he states that we must learn to “work with Things As They Are?” (50) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">14. What happens to people who do not listen to their Inner Nature? (57) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">15. What is the Way of Self-Reliance? (57-8) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">16. How can we change ourselves effectively through the principles of Taoism? (58) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">17. What is the Wu Wei or “The Pooh Way” according to Hoff? (67-8) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">18. How does the quote, “Tao does not do, but nothing is not done,” explain Wu Wei or “The Pooh Way?” (70) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">19. How does Tai Chi reflect Wu Wei or Taoism as a martial art? (87-8) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">20. Are you a Bisy Backson? (94) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">21. What is the Bisy Backson view of American history according to Hoff? (103-104) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">22. How does the Bisy Backson waste time by trying to save it? (108-109) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">23. What is the Youthful Immortal? (108-9) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">24. What makes us happy in life the goals or the process we go through to reach the goals? Why? (111) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">25. What is the significance of The Stonecutter? (118-9) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">26. Explain the significance of the following line from the Tao Te Ching: “From caring comes courage.” (128) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">27. Where does one find Wisdom, Happiness and Courage? (137) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">28. What is the “Great Nothing?” (143) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">29. Why is an “Empty sort of mind” so valuable according to Taoism? (146-7) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">30. Interpret the following quote: “To attain knowledge, add things every day. To attain wisdom, remove things every day.” (148-9) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">31. Why is the child the highest stage of development? (151) **
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">32. Why may knowledge and cleverness destroy life as we know it? (154) **

Tradition and Religion (Discussion Questions):

I think religion is a system of faith and belief which is accepted by a group of people. I think to be a religious person, the person has to have a strong belief and be devoted to it. Confucius is religious because he believed and served spiritual beings and his deeds and he also believed in heaven.
 * 1. What do you think religion is, and what does it mean to be a religious person? Is Confucius religious?**
 * Give your reasons for thinking what you think.**

Confucius’s statements suggests that heaven is very powerful and it decides everything. He says that wealth and honor depends on heaven and that heaven knows everything. This shows that the relationship between Heaven and man is very strong. One’s fate is decided by heaven. Heaven in Confucianism is similar with the God in Christianity in many ways because the God in Christianity has divine powers and decides the fate of everyone. Moreover, although the God knows everyone he doesn’t say anything like heaven, mentioned in Confucius’s statements.
 * 2. What do Confucius's statements about Heaven suggest about his idea of the relation between Heaven and man? How does this compare with your ideas about the relation between Heaven and man or God and man in Judaism or Christianity or another religious tradition with which you are familiar?**

Confucius Says:

Notes on Confucius and Confucianism:

Karma Story:

Comparison Chart of Buddhist Sects:

Religious Sect - Tendai
[|Tendai Video]