Namkoong,+Da+AeF2011

F Namkoong Da Ae Annie Ancient History III
 * __Current Event__** [[file:The crucible current events_Annie N. .key]]

=Christianity in Korea= 3. Some converted Shintoist and conflicts with Christians || = READING 5: KOREAN CHRISTIANITY SINCE 1945 = 1. Why might Christianity have benefited from the push towards modernization and economic growth and eventually democracy? One of the main reasons that made Korea modernize in a short period of time was because of Christianity. Christianity became more popular after some Koreans were curious about learning the teachings of Christianity during the Korean War and the aftermath. The Christian missionaries helped effected Korean civilians and the nation, therefore became a reliable and protective religion to believe for most Koreans. The religion expanded and converted many Koreans easily because of many reasons. The first one was that the religion seemed like a "reasonable" or "believable" religion because it is a Monotheistic religion and the practices such as praying. The second reason was that the religion had a good relationship with Korean citizens since the past, especially during the harsh and brutal times which was the Korean War and the depressing aftermath. Christianity grew with the nation of Korea and led Korea to globalization and economic growth which eventually led Korea into a democratic country. Also, another possible reason that Christianity led Korea into democracy was because the political leaders, the president were converted Christians as well. Christianity not only influenced the society, but it influenced politically as well. Therefore, Christianity's style of practice, their belief in a single God/Jesus, and their friendly past with the nation influenced the people to rely on Christianity.
 * Reading number and Title || Period being addressed || Three major (the power of three, sometimes you get two sometimes four) points drawn from this period ||
 * Origin of Korean Church ||  || # Christianity was brought by Korean (Epyok), Korean people embraced that
 * 1) Epyok ||
 * Growth of Christianity || 1780 to 1880 || # Koryo based on Buddhism, misused their power
 * 1) Jo sun converted to Confucianism (first Catholic church was form)
 * 2) Catholic church belief system: equality, marriage appealed to women and lower class
 * 3) beliefs were outlawed in 1785, at least 8,000 Koreans persecuted ||
 * introduction to Protestantism || 1880 to 1910 || # Dr. Horace N. Allen was the first protestant missionary to enter Korea as physicist
 * 1) gained trust from the king for healing the prince
 * 2) Missionaries functioned as religious institutions and schools for learning hangul, medical schools, orphanages ||
 * Korean Christians under Japanese occupation || 1910-1945 || # March first movement
 * 1) Japanese forced Koreans to become Shintoist
 * Korean Christianity since 1945 || 1945~present || # Christian organizations aided Koreans during and after Korean War
 * 1) Yoido Full Gospel church is one of the world’s biggest Church (in Seoul)
 * 2) Population of Christians increased from 1.8 million to 21 million 40 years
 * 3) 60’s and 70’s Christians helped Korea a democratic country ||

2. What did churches offer that might have attracted followers during this time of tremendous change in South Korea? During and after the Korean War, Christian aid organizations provided aid, support, and material relief which really influenced the minds of Korean people. Following up to that, Korea has the honor of having one of the world's biggest church, Yoido Full Gospel. This church and other churches as well, sponsors youth groups, Bible study sessions, social/sport activities, missionary, and charity work. All of these activities attracts Koreans to get involved with Christianity and also spreading the religion to society.

** Shaminism ** Document 5 1. How did the folktale enable your group to understand Korean culture? The folktale helped us understand Korean culture because it showed the hierarchy (errand boys, noble, king, etc) in Korean society, people’s beliefs in supernatural existences such as the ghost, and the roles and abilities of fortune tellers of the time. 2. List three things that surprised your group in reading the Korean folktale. The three things that surprised our group was the the ghost that trailed the errand boys, how the ghost easily killed the daughter of the noble, and how easily the daughter came back to life after the ghosts migrated somewhere else. 3. Compare and contrast the Korean folk tale to one in any other nation.Aesop’s folk tale, The Boy Who Cried Wolf is comparable to this folktale in several ways. First of all, the fortuneteller at first seems to trick people into believing that his skills are effective, also in the Boy Who Cried Wolf, the boy tricked people into believing that actual wolves were attacking the sheeps. For the fortune teller, the King finally believed him right before he was executed, and the fortune teller was executed and he didn’t get to prove by himself that his ability to bring people back alive and scare away ghosts were possible. A similar situation can be viewed from the Boy Who Cried Wolf. People finally believed in the boy after he was eaten by the wolf, the people refused to believe him when he finally told the truth at the end. However, the boy and the fortune tellers situation are not similar because the fortune teller’s situation is more serious and intense than the boy who cried wolf. = Legalism = 1) In Han Fei's ideal state, the supreme governing authority is the law. Rulers should always uphold laws to strengthen and protect his people, and ministers who follow the discipline should be promoted. 2) The Two Handles represent the ruler's chastisement (ex: punishment) and commendation (ex: encouragement). This is important to a legalist state because the ruler should be able to handle both to maintain a stable state. The sovereign shouldn't lose control of either of them because if the ministers start controlling the Handles, then people will listen and fear the ministers and ignore the ruler. The ruler would have no control from then. 3) In Legalism, the law is put before the individual plan of the ruler. The ruler should put public laws before private actions to make a better society 4) I think Legalism appealed to some people who wanted definite rules and order. The Zhao Dynasty (when Legalism appeared) the country was in chaos, so the people would have wanted strong laws to keep peace and put things in control. 5) A Daoist would respond that the purpose of good government is to let the Nature be on its way to create peace and harmony for the people. He/she would say that in formulating law, human's natural morality and behaviors take a big role in making harmony. The qualities of a superior leader include leaving people by themselves so that things can work out on its own and not interrupting Nature. A Daoist would disagree to the proposition 'might makes right' because from a Daoist's point of view, power isn't everything; the Wu Wei and letting Nature flow.
 * 4. What role do folktales play in all cultures? ** **Folktales of all cultures show at least one theme or moral and teach the people what one should do and shouldn’t. In this specific folk tale, the message is "don't be too quick to judge." One shouldn't judge too quickly by what they see the first time. Instead, one should observe in depth and be more humble about understanding different beliefs or views about something. The king judged the fortune-teller by what he saw the first time without observing deeply enough, however he was fooled by his own eyes, there were than meets the eyes, therefore, he shouldn't have judged too quickly. ** [[file:Shintoism-AnnieNamkoong-Asian Studies.pages]]

A Confucian would say that a purpose of good government is to be a good example to the people so that people will be enlightened. The role of morality in making laws is crucial for a Confucian because Confucianism is mainly based on respecting others and spreading knowledge. The qualities of a superior ruler includes being chosen by the Mandate of Heaven and being moral so that people can follow the ruler. A Confucian wouldn't strongly agree nor disagree to the statement "Might makes right" because in a Confucian government, spreading enlightenment, knowledge and education is a key factor of a ruler rather than controlling the people. In addition, Confucianism prefers meritocracy over nepotism, so power doesn't determine your position; your abilities do.

The purpose of a good government for a Legalist would be to create strong rules and have balanced Handles to control the people and make a good society. Morality takes a big role in formulating law because Legalism is trying to set morality throughout the society by making strict rules. A good ruler should maintain the Two Handles wisely and take laws more importantly than private issues. A Legalist would agree to the statement 'might makes right' because strong rules can set peace in the society. **Taoism** __**Essential Quotes of Taoism**__ 1. In //Lectures on the Tao Teh Ching//, Lao-Tzu says, that, "The mystery of the Mysterious is the gateway to all indescribable marvels". Does this quote have an equivalent to in Christianity? Are there other parts of the Tao Teh Ching that remind you of Christian ideals? -This quote does seem to have connections with Christianity. "The mystery of the Mysterious is the gateway to all indescribable marvels" is much the same as the concept of heaven and hell in Christianity. In Christianity, Heaven is the gateway to all indescribable marvels. Other parts of the Tao Teh Ching also reminded me of some Christian ideals. "The tao that can be said is not the everlasting Tao. If a name can be named, it is not the everlasting Name." these lines are similar to the well known phrase in Christianity, "everlasting God." Also the, "if always without desire, one can observe indescribable marvels" is equivalent to the notion of one going to Heaven without greed and bad sins. Also, "if always desirous, one sees merest traces" is equivalent to a person going to Hell for being selfish and only looking in one direction.

2. See Passage 2, "Not honoring men....Not wanting rare things...Not paying attention..." How does this help one understand how Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism found common ground and were not mutually exclusive belief systems? -"Not honoring me...Not wanting rare things...Not paying attention..." helps us understand how Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism is a common ground because of one main notion: living a harmonious and simple life. Not honoring me of worth will keep people from competing, not wanting rare things keeps the people from thievery, and always cause the people to be without knowledge or desires are all key ideas of living a harmonious and esthetic life. If one avoids all the troubles and complex obstacles which can lead to a disrupted and unbalanced life, they're simply following a Taoist, Buddhist, and Confucianist ideas of how to live life. Through this one major idea, which is living a simple and harmonious life, these three philosophical religions can be grouped as one common ground as well as not being mutually excluded.

3. In Passage 2, what do you think is meant by the lines, "relaxing the mind, reinforcing the abdomen, gentling the will, strengthening the bones"? -"Relaxing the mind, reinforcing the abdomen, gentling the will, strengthening the bones" are the benefits of meditation and self calmness.

4. Consider the last three entries from D.C. Lau's //Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching//, Lao Tzu describes government. How is this ideal different from Confucius' ideal? What present day system of government are you reminded of when you read this section? Do you think this is a good system? Explain. -This Taoist ideal of government differ from Confucius' ideal government because of their views on the expectations for the positions in government. Confucius believes an individual with intelligence, determination, and education should take a position in government. However, Taoist's ideal is that a government positions should be taken by compassionate individuals rather than knowledgable ones. After reading this section, the government system, Socialism, reminded me. I believe socialism is a quality form of government however, it is not good when practiced. I believe this is true due to the fact that throughout history no positive memory of a social government was formed.

5. Regarding the third treasure that Lao Tzu describes, what do you think is his message? Do you agree? What does this say about people who are ambitious? -I agree with Tao's message which is: "The third is known as not daring to take the lead in the empire; Being compassionate one could afford to be courageous" because compassion is deep and difficult emotion for one to feel during hardships. For one to be compassionate, they have to have feelings and care for a cause or people, with sincerity. This says that ambitious people are zealous, but not in an emphatic and emotional way.

=// The Tao of Pooh: That Sort of Bear // =



 __ I. Summary __ At the beginning of the chapter, Pooh gets confused by the lyrics of ‘Ode to Joy’. He thinks his version is the correct one, but it turns out that he just made it up. After that, the narrator introduces the theme of the chapter, which is “everyone is special”. As an example, the story of Pooh comes out.Piglet notices that his figure is useful for adventure, and Pooh also realizes that adventure would be impossible without him. Then the author tells about the Chinese stone carver’s story. The stone carver always envied other’s positions. He First became the merchant, the governor, the noble, the sun, the cloud, the wind, and finally the stone which was when he realized his original job was important and valuable.The narrator also tells the reader that one should believe in themselves. As an example, Buckminister Fuller and Thomas Edison comes out. Buckminister Fuller lost his daughter, company, and reputation. He ruined his body with alcohol. However, at one point, he realized that his situation can’t get worse. He started investing on what he thought was valuable, and gained reputation. Thomas Edison failed in school, and got kicked out. He also blew up a laboratory. However, due to his persistence in learning, he was able to become a great inventor. Then, the narrator introduces another story. Piglet falls into a stream when trying to find the North Pole, and everyone just stands there and does nothing productive except Pooh, who actually saves Piglet.

__ II. Thematic Analysis __ The author introduced the first major theme of the chapter is that everyone is special. According to line 116, the narrator said, “Everyone is Special, you know, though it sometimes takes a while for people to realize on their own.” (116) This theme was interpreted through Piglet when he realized that his small figure could actually be useful for adventures as Rabbit said. However, Piglet was a bit disappointed because Rabbit also said the adventure would be impossible without Pooh. The second major theme is that people should recognize their value and power within themselves rather than other spiritual forces or even fate. This theme is supported by two examples: the story of Buckminister Fuller and Thomas Edison. Fuller was man who’s reputation was being soiled and his life was just clashing down. Fortunately, he was able to overcome his depression and problems by seeking the laws of the natural world for help which completely changed his life. Similar case to Fuller, Edison was kicked out of school and ridiculed for his careless mistake in a laboratory. However, the persistence in learning the natural laws helped him. The last major theme is knowledge, compassion, and wisdom. The author said that without compassion, one does not have wisdom and knowledge isn’t necessary in this care. However, it is important to note that wisdom, knowledge, and compassion is part of an ongoing cycle.
 * Everyone is special
 * It takes time to recognize our value
 * To take control of your life & accomplish something, you have to learn to believe
 * Cleverness is not a heart, Knowledge doesn’t really care, Wisdom does
 * The continuous cycle of Wisdom, Happiness, and Courage

 __ III. Discussion Questions __  1. Is a bad person, for instance, a murderer, be considered as a “special”? 2. When can one lose it’s belief in their life? 3. Describe the difference of someone who’s clever, someone who has knowledge, and someone who has wisdom. 4. What are some situations in a person’s life that relates to the cycle of wisdom, happiness, and courage? 5. Is it easy for someone to believe in their self even during difficult times? 6. Why is cleverness considered not a heart and wisdom is? 7. What are some positive outcomes of recognizing our value?

__ [|**Chuang Tzu**] __ **And The Butterfly Analysis** The butterfly shows metamorphoses which is essential for Taoism. The poem reflects the metamorphosis of a butterfly because it shows the cycle of change and life. The water cycle is the cycle of metamorphosis which is the constancy of change. The cycle is related to Taoist idea of nature and that humans are in the cycle of nature as well. The man raising the melons was a man who was once part of the higher social class, but he became a low status right away. The moment when the man was part of the upper class was only a temporary moment of joy and happiness, however what people should care more about is the final goal of happiness. Also, the "melon" symbolizes the cycle of nature and humans and in this case, the man went through the cycle, moving from a higher class to a lower class. The author is trying to convey the reader that one can't chose their own faith, no matter how hard one tries because nature decides the fate. Therefore, one shouldn't put too much effort in succeeding because in the end, all that matters is the final faith. ==The Tao of Pooh Discussion Questions and Quotes == <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The significance of The Vinegar Tasters is that it represented the Three Teachings of China. The Vinegar that the three masters tasted symbolized the Essence of Life. The three masters, Confucius, Buddga, and Lao-tse are the three masters that tasted the vinegar. Confucius had a sour look on his face; Buddha, a bitter one. Lao-tse, the founder of Taoism smiled. This showed that Lao-tse is better because he saw the harmony and peace while the other two teachers concentrated on earth’s deficiency. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">According to Hoff, the theme of life is happiness or satisfaction. Happiness is the solution of living in harmony and peace. Also, accepting the circumstances daily is part of this harmony. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The uncarved block represents the clarity which has its own natural power. The uncarved block is interpreted through Pooh’s character. Pooh is never at a loss of confusion, instead he always thinks simply which benefits him for solving problems. The Rabbit give the impression of cleverness, however he finds it difficult to find his way home because of his trail of thoughts. On the other hand, Pooh simply headed for the direction that he felt or smelled like his home. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The secret message was the simplicity and how simple mindedness can accomplish things. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">According to Hoff, the main conflict between Confucianists and Taoists was their different point of view. Taoists saw Confucianists as people overindulging their life in studies. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Rabbit, Eeyore, and the Owl represent a Confucianists because they study “Knowledge for the Sake of Knowledge. Pooh represents a Taoist because of his simple mindedness and lives with the Things As they Are. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hoff believes that Confucianist scholars are people who study the Knowledge for the sake of Knowledge and don’t share their studies to other people. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">According to Hoff, there’s a distinction between knowledge vs. experience. Having the knowledge of something is not necessarily beneficial than experiencing something. However, receiving knowledge through experience is good. > Most scholars blame Uncarved Block, which is ignorance, for problems in the world. It isn’t justified because they don’t admit their fault. > Cleverness has its limitations. Inner nature is the way things are which cannot be changed, and is beyond the power of the intellect to measure or understand. > By discerning your own inner nature, you will be capable of knowing your capacity and limitations.You will know where you belong, and don’t belong. > If one has a disease and takes care of it, that person will be able to live a long life. However, whoever doesn’t have a disease and doesn’t care for themselves will live a short life. This basically means that weakness can do a favor if you acknowledge it. > Hoff meas that we have to work with things as it is rather than coming up with meaningless answers. If we fail to do so, we get into trouble. > If people do not listen to their Inner Nature would not understand themselvse. They do not have respect for themselves, and is easily influenced by others. > The Way of Self-Reliance starts by recognizing who we are, what work we have to do, and what works best for us. > We can chase ourselves through the principles of Taoism by changing things we do not like into beneficial things or using them in beneficial ways. By doing it, we can avoid conflicts and struggles. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">According to Hoff, Wu Wei or “The Pooh Way” is defined as not going against the nature of things. This means that humans should stick with the nature of things rather than trying to adjust it themselves for more benefits. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The quote explains Wu Wei because it means that he doesn’t change what’s already given, which is following the Wu Wei. He simply accepts the natural way of things and doesn’t go against it. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Tai Chi reflect Wu Wei or Taoism as a martial art because the purpose of Tai Chi is to overcome the opposing force through movement. Therefore, it is a martial art that doesn’t use energy which is similar to Wu Wei. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">We are a Bisy Backson because we are active and business most of the time. However, we didn’t chose to be active and be engrossed in homework, studying for tests, rather we would blame the society for it. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bisy Backson views the American history a history full of fights and violence. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bisy Backson does not use time wisely because they use it to find a way to save that time, which is impossible. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Youthful Immortal is one who discovers the Secrets of Life as a youth and was able to maintain their youthful appearance and energy. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The process we go through to reach the goals bring more happiness to us because of motivation. When humans are motivated, it makes them think positively and happily. However, once the goal is met, the motivation and moment of glory and happiness are all gone because the goal is finally presented. The process is more enjoyable than the destination. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Stonecutter was later discovered to be the most powerful of all, toward the end of the cycle. The chang of the rock form brought realization to him. Therefore, this story represented that everyone is valuable, but it takes process of realization. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The significance is that people who were once apprehensive could courageously help others who have cared for them because they have care for them back. Caring is based on “heart” which stands for cor, the Latin root word in courage. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">One can find Wisdom, Happiness, and Courage through continuous cycles, but not particular location. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The Great Nothing is the indication that nothing is has value and is something because “nothing” was the first step to Daoism. Doing that brought peace. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“Empty sort of mind” is so valuable because it allows people to hear and see things. An “empty sort of mind” realizes the presence and the “emptiness” purifies the mind as well. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">To gain knowledge, one learns and “add” the knowledge in their brain. Therefore, knowledge would increase the amount of how much one learns. On the other hand, “wise” thought removes things everyday which leads to “emptiness” allowing people to think in a more clear or wise view. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The child is the highest stage of development because they have a pure and clean mind which is wisdom. However, as one gets older, they gain more knowledge which disrupts the power of wisdom. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Knowledge and cleverness are just the guidelines, however if one depends on them too much, they will lose their own thoughts and lose originality which will destroy life. =**Filial Piety**= The Duke of She told Confucius, "In my country there is an upright man named Kung. When his father stole a sheep, he bore witness against him." Confucius said, "The upright men in my community are different from this. The father conceals the misconduct of the son and the son conceals the misconduct of the father. Uprightness is to be found in this." To the Duke of She it's honesty and law and to Confucius it's filial piety and family support. The advantages of being honest is your honest, however it destroys family relationship. The advantage of filial piety is supporting your family, but the disadvantage is having to lie. The people who are deeply respectful of their family are likely to act as a stabilizing influence in the society, however the bad point of that is that the society will lack reliance within themselves and leadership because they rely on their family.
 * 1) Why does the author choose a butterfly?
 * 1) What is the importance of the water cycle?
 * 1) What is the point about the 'man raising melons'?
 * 1) What is the author attempting to convey to the reader?
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What is the significance of the painting Hoff describes named The Vinegar Tasters? (2)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What is the theme of life according to Hoff’s interpretation of Taoism? (5-6)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How does Hoff explain the “uncarved block” metaphor? (10)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What is the secret message of the “uncarved block?” (2)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What was the main conflict between the Confucianists and Taoists according to Hoff? (24)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Which of Milne’s characters represent Confucianists and Taoists according to Hoff?
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What is Hoff’s opinion of Confucianist scholars? (26)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What does Hoff say about knowledge vs. experience? (29)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What do most scholars blame for problems in the world? Why isn’t it justified? (32)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What is the difference between “cleverness” and “Inner Nature?” (38)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Why is it important to discern your own Inner Nature? (41)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Explain Hoff’s interpretation of the Chinese quote: “One disease, long life; No disease, short life.” (48)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What does Hoff mean when he states that we must learn to “work with Things As They Are?” (50)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What happens to people who do not listen to their Inner Nature? (57)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What is the Way of Self-Reliance? (57-8)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How can we change ourselves effectively through the principles of Taoism? (58)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What is the Wu Wei or “The Pooh Way” according to Hoff? (67-8)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How does the quote, “Tao does not do, but nothing is not done,” explain Wu Wei or “The Pooh Way?” (70)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How does Tai Chi reflect Wu Wei or Taoism as a martial art? (87-8)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Are you a Bisy Backson? (94)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What is the Bisy Backson view of American history according to Hoff? (103-104)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">How does the Bisy Backson waste time by trying to save it? (108-109)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What is the Youthful Immortal? (108-9)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What makes us happy in life the goals or the process we go through to reach the goals? Why? (111)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What is the significance of The Stonecutter? (118-9)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Explain the significance of the following line from the Tao Te Ching: “From caring comes courage.” (128)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Where does one find Wisdom, Happiness and Courage? (137)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">What is the “Great Nothing?” (143)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Why is an “Empty sort of mind” so valuable according to Taoism? (146-7)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Interpret the following quote: “To attain knowledge, add things every day. To attain wisdom, remove things every day.” (148-9)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Why is the child the highest stage of development? (151)
 * 1) <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Why may knowledge and cleverness destroy life as we know it? (154)
 * Quote:**
 * Summary:** To the Duke of She, law comes first than family relation, while Confucian believes family relation comes first than law.
 * Reflection:**
 * 1) In the exchange between Confucius and the Duke of She recorded in selection 5 above, we find two very different views of what "uprightness" means. What do you think being "upright" means to the Duke of She, and what does it mean to Confucius? What advantages and disadvantages do you find in each view?
 * 1) What do you think of the suggestion that people who are deeply respectful of parents and family members are likely to act as a stabilizing influence in society.

=**Notes on Confucianism**=

=**Haven't I Seen You Somewhere Before?**= 1. How is the experience of karma/samsara different from that of Christianity (in your opinion)? The same? The afterlife of karma or samsara is similar to Christianity’s “after life.” The afterlife of the religion in that there is a connection between one’s actions before death and the result after death. Karma or samsara afterlife is the idea of a person who does good things can rebirth with a good life. In Christianity, Christians believe that one can go to Heaven if they had good ethics, but if one did not have good ethics, they will go to Hell. On the other hand, the main difference between the two beliefs of the afterlife is that karma and samsara pertain the reincarnation of another life as a being or animal, while Christianity demonstrates that a good person will go to Heaven where they can live peacefully. Christianity also doesn’t explain that a good person can reborn with another life.

2. Speculate on what sort of being the prince might become in his subsequent life? The prince can possibly reborn as a cow because a cow is an animal that does all the hard work and labor in their entire life. Since the prince once lived as a the highest position of hierarchy, he can possibly reincarnate as a cow so that he can experience what it’s like to work hard and the treatment of a cow. The reincarnation as a cow can discipline the prince and make him realize the value of gratitude.

3. Which of the three animals in the story is closest to Enlightenment in your opinion? Why? The parrot seems to be the most Enlightened animal because he wasn’t that attached to desire as the other animals from the start. The parrot’s offer of rice came from the hard work which he experienced, but the water rat and snake presented their gift which they had previously possessed in their previous life. Furthermore, the two animals displayed a lesser effort in their gift, only the elimination of desire. The parrot, however, distinct itself from the desire of eating by offering his rice. For one to separate itself from eating and offering it to someone else shows his disconnection with the desire.

4. It is said that Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama) had 550 lives - some in animal form, some in human form - which of the characters in the story do you think is from one of his previous lives? Why? The nice man is probably an example of one of Buddha’s 550 lives. Because Buddha is the enlightened one in Buddhism, his mentality was generous and indulgent which are two characteristics that were expressed through the nice man’s actions toward others.

=**Comparison Chart of two Buddhist Sects:**=

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif; font-size: 140%;">Tibetan Buddhism Sect media type="youtube" key="G13E_C4lPTs?hl=en" height="349" width="425" ====//Tibetan Buddhism developed in India and made its way to Tibet in the 7th century. Sometimes called Lamaism, Tibetan Buddhism is a mix of Theravada Buddhism, but mostly Mahayana Buddhism. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Today, it is practiced in East Asia, such as Korea, China, Japan, India, and Tibet. //====

__**Four Major Schools of Tibetan Buddhism**__
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">__Nyingma__ ( “School of the Ancients”) is the oldest Tibetan Buddhist school. The founder is Padmasambhava who is considered as the school’s second Buddha. Padmasambhava’s system of Tantric Buddhism is taught in the school as well as the teachings of the Tibetan Book of Dead. ====

====<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The 3rd largest school is __Kagyu__ also known as the “Oral Transmission School”. Founded by Tilopa, Kagyu’s teachings were brought to Tibet by Marpa the Translator during the 11th century. Their central teaching is based on the “great seal” which is a realization of emptiness and freedom. It also stresses the practices of hatha yoga. ====

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">__Sakyapa__, also called “Grey Earth” was created by Gonchok Gyelpo. Sakyapa is the smallest school of the four schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The monastery was founded by abbots from the Khon family who were devoted to Tantric teachings and Buddhist logic. ==== __Gelugpa__ is the youngest school, but it's also the largest and most important Tibetan Buddhism school today. Gelugpa was founded in the late 14th century by Tsongkhapa Lobsang Dakpa and it's headed by the Dalai Lama who is the leader of Gelugpa.====

=Main Symbol:=

**The Eight Auspicious Symbols:**

 * The umbrella**
 * The fish**
 * The vase**
 * The lotus**
 * The conch shell**
 * The knot of eternity**
 * The victory banner**
 * The Dharma Wheel**

__<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: medium;">**Five Dhyani Buddhas** __ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; text-align: justify; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The most important aspect of Tibetan Buddhism is the Five Dhyani Buddhas. The Five Buddhas include Vairocana, Akshobhya, Ratnasambhava, Amitabha and Amogasiddha and each Buddhas have a specific power to defeat evil. //Tibetan Buddhist Canon & Tibetan Book of the Dead//
 * __Scared Texts and Scriptures__**

__Sky Burial__
There are several different forms of funeral that are practiced by Tibetans. The most well known funeral is the Sky burial which is a ritual that Tibetans are encouraged to watch. It is encouraged because the Tibetan believed that it was important to confront death openly. The Sky burial is when the vultures eat the body of the dead and after the vultures finish eating the body, they fly into the sky. Based on Tibetan’s belief, sky burial carries the dead to the heaven because the vultures fly to the sky after finish eating the dead bodies. The Tibetans believe sky burial shows high moral standards because the dead bodies are contributed to other small living things to survive.

__Dalai Lama__
The Dalai Lama is the highest lama or "leader" of Gelugpa which is the dominant school of Tibetan Buddhism. The Dalai Lama promotes peace, compassion, and tolerance. The first Dalai Lama was Gendun Drup and the current 14th Dalai Lama is Lhamo Thondup who was born on July 6th 1935. He became the political leader of Tibet in 1950. Lhamo Thondup is more than just the head of his government, he is the spiritual leader of millions of people. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989.

**__Temples & Monasteries__**
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">__Palkhor Monastery__ is one of the well-known monasteries in Tibet. It is the monastery for Sakyapa, Kadampa, and Gelugpa schools. The celebration of Buddha also happens in this monastery. Palkhor Monastery has remarkable features that's constructed by architectural styles of Tibet and Nepal.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">__Samye Monastery__ the primary Buddhist monastery of Tibet, was constructed in the 8th century. This monastery is primarily one of the main monasteries because of its holy mandala motif. Most of Tibetan Buddhists come to this monastery for religious reasons.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">__Jokhang temple__ the godliest temple of Tibetan Buddhism, is located in Lhasa. King Songsten Gampo, the first ruler that unified Tibet, founded this temple in 647 BCE. Celebrations for Dalai Lama take place in this temple.

__**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dorje and the Bell **__
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14.6667px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">

__ **Buddhist Monks** __
-Dhonka for the top & Shemdap for the bottom -One piece robe -Dhonka: wrap shirt with cap sleeves -Shemdap: a skirt made with patched cloth and various pleats

Sources cited:

Religion and Philosophy are interrelated because they deal with human life, existence, the mind, and the meaning of life. Religion and philosophy teach you how to live and what's the purpose of life is. The study of religion and philosophy is important because it's a source that you can rely on, for example, if one is confused about the purpose of one's life, they can seek their religion or a philosophy that might help them solve their problem. Religion and philosophy is also similar to like a "word God" because it tells one how to live, the meaning of life, and similar principals.
 * WHAT DO RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY HAVE IN COMMON?**
 * WHY IS THE STUDY OF RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY IMPORTANT?**

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