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August 16th [Homework Assignment]

Vocabulary
 * heretical - Something that most people think is wrong
 * faggot - A bundle of sticks or twigs
 * Eucharist - Christian ceremony commemorating the Last Supper
 * abstain - To hold back someone from
 * penance - A punishment
 * beseeching - To ask someone eagerly
 * source - A place, person, or thing from which something comes or can be obtained

Hogflesh is getting punished for having different beliefs by the church. Hogflesh had to carry a bundle of sticks(faggot) to the market place; almost naked for a few days. Historian is saying that having different ideas or beliefs can ruin one's life with harsh punishment. Also, it is apparent that church was very powerful over the society back then.
 * 1.** **In section 1, //Heretical Beliefs//, the historian gives his account of a historical event. What is happening to Hogsflesh? What is the historian's “story” or main point of the article?**

According to John Arnold, the roles of a historian is to read historical records and reveal them to the world. I agree with his assumptions. However, I think furthermore, historians could be also very effective for changing people's beliefs and their point of view. Historians can do that by revealing and emphasizing either glorious moments or dreadful moments. Historians can make people end up with different characteristics.
 * 2. What are the roles of a historian defined by John Arnold? Do you agree or disagree with his assumptions? Can you think of any other roles?**

To “treat their sources with fidelity” means to use information that does not really exist or not confirmed to be true. It also means to use ‘all’ of the information that is given, not just use one part and ignore the others. This is important to remember when reading historical references because it allows us to learn the different perspectives of different people, since you are not putting your own opinion first in line (information is limited).Learning the different views and opinions of different people will allow you to develop better arguments or points to provide for your opinion or knowledge of history. It will allow you to think critically in other people’s shoes and think deeper and wider with the given information that you have.
 * 3. What is meant by “treat(ing) their sources with fidelity?” Remember to put your response in your own words. Why is it important to remember this when reading historical references?**

A single event can be interpreted in more than one way by different people with different perspectives. One of my life example would be when my mother refused to buy me a cell phone when I was in first grade. Some perspectives may be, that i am correct because I worked very hard to achieve the cell phone by studying hard and finishing work. I was very mad because I've always wanted a cell-phone. However one might look at this in a different way. One might think that my mother is correct because by not buying me the cell-phone, it stopped me from being spoiled. In one side, I have enough reasons to be upset at her, and she had her reasons to not buy me the cell-phone. Furthermore, there could be more ways this 'conflict' between me and my mother can be viewed.
 * 4. How can a single event be interpreted in more than one way? Can you think of an event in your life that historians could interpret with differing points of view?**

No, it is not possible for a historian to be completely objective. Your perspectives you have towards something will eventually effect the way you think about that thing. Just like my incident, some people might think that I was correct because I worked hard to achieve a cell-phone. On the other hand, some people might think that my mother is correct because her decision eventually stopped me from being more spoiled. Just like that, historians' perspectives will effect how they write their events.
 * 5. Talk to a family member or friend about something that happened to you both a long time ago. Examine how you both remember the incident and write about it. With that in mind, when attaching meaning to history, is it possible for a historian to be completely objective? Use examples from the incident you just discussed to reinforce your response.**

The problems that may arise when historians practice subjective history is that the historians may start to get bias. Since they are able to depend on the kind of interpretation that they want, they will start to emphasize only their perspectives, instead of thinking about other perspectives of views. However it may be beneficial to the study of history when trying to learn all the different views of history by different people. Since there is no limit, the historians will be able to stretch far among their imaginations, which will lead to more and bigger varieties of views on history. It made sense for me to remember the event the way I did and the other person the way they did, because it is the way we like to remember it. This tells us that history is viewed, recorded, remembered, taught differently with different groups of people with different perspectives. This shows that none of our history can be truly correct.
 * 6. What problems may arise when historians practice subjective history? In what ways may subjective history be beneficial to the study of history? Think back to the incident you just discussed with your family member or friend. Why did it make sense for you to remember the event the way you did and for the other person to remember it the way he or she did? What does this tell us about history?**

Every historian is a storyteller because everyone has different perspectives. Since they have different beliefs and views, they aren’t actually explaining history, but they are actually writing a story of their own. If all historians are storytellers and there are myriad versions of every story, we cannot trust historians. Not only historians, but we cannot trust anyone who has an opinion about something. We cannot trust them because the things they tell us about history will always be different, and there will be no actual way to find out the ‘real’ truth. It is how you think or believe about something that effects the way that you believe about things. That is why there are different religions and different people who follow them. Nothing can be sure or made true until we actually experience or see it, so instead of ‘real’ truth, what each person considers and prefers to be the truth is 'truth'.
 * 7. Why is every historian "a storyteller?" If all historians are storytellers and there are myriad versions of every story, can we trust historians? Why or why not?**

My view of history and historians changed from thinking that history is something that is always true. Also, I thought that the historians were experts and so they would know only the truth of everything that has happened. However, after reading this, I have learned that history and historians interpret the meaning and different events of history differently, for many reasons. It may and mostly is because of their background culture from where they are from, and it is also because people have different perspectives and thoughts about everything. Now that I have changed my thoughts about history, I am going to approach history in many perspectives.
 * 8. How did your view of history and historians change based on this reading? How will you approach history now that you have explored these views?**

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Culture is something that every country or group has which illustrates their own characteristics. Some examples of cultures are traditions, sports, food, clothes, art, and etc. Culture can also cause conflicts between people with different cultures. =====


 * "Essential Questions"**
 * Why is an understanding of culture necessary in order to understand history?

Culture is something that every country or group of people has which illustrates their life styles. Things such as beliefs, traditions, language, food, artwork could be examples of culture. Culture consists of three important elements which are artifacts, mentifacts and sociofacts. Artifacts are physical objects that are used to illustrate culture. Mentifacts are ideas and beliefs and sociofacts are institution or event that brings people together. To understand history, understanding of culture is necessary because one’s history may vary depending on one’s culture. Culture shapes and designs one’s history by having unique characteristics. If you know one’s culture very well, then it is likely that you will understand and accept one’s lifestyle more easily. Just like that, history is linked to culture because culture changes the people’s lifestyle along with their history. Furthermore, historians(expert of history) are also effected by culture. Historians research past events to prove historical events as relating to the human race. And all the actions that were done by humans are also related to their culture.

Of these reasons, we can conclude that understanding of culture is necessary to understand history.